Chapter 10 Flashcards
Released from mast cells and basophils, particularly in allergic reactions; causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability or edema, contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle, and pruritus
Histamine
Immunoglobulins
Aka. Antibodies
Specific protein produced in a humoral response to bind with an antigen
IgG
Major antibody in primary and secondary immune responses; activates complement system; inactivates antigen; neutralizes toxins; crosses placenta to provide immunity for newborn; responsible for Rh reactions
IgA
Protects mucous membranes on body surfaces; provides immunity for newborn; prevents antigens on food from being absorbed
IgM
First Ig to respond to microbial invasion; activates complement systems; causes antigens to clump together; responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood typing system
Neonates
are susceptible to infection because they have an immature immune system.
• largest during childhood and adolescence. After adolescence it begins to shrink in size, and its production of T lymphocytes decreases.
• The thymus gland
•causes skin to become thin, less elastic, and more prone to injury.
• Aging
True or False
The presence of chronic diseases can decrease the immune response
True
True or False.
The skin is the first barrier encountered by pathogens.
True
First line of defense begins with
Skin, tears,earwax, mucous membranes,and urinary tract
True or False
Trauma, pathogenic microorganisms, chemicals, or heat may cause injury to tissues inside and outside the body
True
Inflammation
The first step in the body’s defense mechanisms against trauma
True/ False
If the effects of swelling are not quickly controlled, the edema can compress nerve endings surrounding the area of injury, leading to a pain reaction
True
the complement system of proteins
Protective proteins that are activated in the inflammatory response
How complement system works
- Antibodies attack antigen
- Proteins embed in cell wall of antigen.
- Break in cell wall allows sodium to enter antigen cell
- Water enters antigen cell
- Antigen swells and burst.
series of complex chemical and mechanical activities that take place in the body.
Immune response
True or False
The lymphatic system, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and Peyer patches in the small intestine play a major role in the immune response.
True
These activities involve (1) constant surveillance to detect the entry of foreign agents (antigens) as soon as they gain access to the body’s cells, (2) immediate recognition of the agents as “nonself” (i.e., foreign or alien), and (3) the ability to distinguish one kind of foreign agent from another and to remember that particular agent if it appears in the body again at a later time.
Immune response
IgD
Receptor sites for antigens on B cells; binding with antigen results in B-cell activation
Ige
Binds to mast cells and basophils, causing release of histamine; responsible for allergic reactions; helps fight off parasitic invasion
Antigen
Foreign substance or component of cell that stimulates an immune response
Source of stem cells, leukocytes, and maturation of B lymphocytes
Bone marrow
Gland located in the mediastinum, large in children, decreasing size in adults; site of maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes
Thymus
Contains many lymphocytes; filters body fluids, removes foreign matter, part of immune response
Lymphatic tissue
White blood cells: for phagocytosis; nonspecific defense; active in inflammatory process
Neutrophils
White blood cells: bind immunoglobulin E; release histamine in anaphylaxis and releases heparin
Basophils
White blood cells: participate in allergic responses
Eosinophils
White blood cells: migrate from the blood into tissues to become macrophages
Monocytes
Release chemical mediators such as histamine in connective tissue
Mast cells
Humoral immunity–activating cell becomes an antibody-producing plasma cell or a B memory cell
B lymphocytes
Develop from B lymphocytes and secrete specific antibodies
Plasma cells
White blood cells: cell-mediated immunity. Made of more blood
T lymphocytes
The main type of cells involved in a primary humoral repose is made out of plasma. Has immunoglobulin
B lymphocytes
An effect of aging on the immune and lymphatic system
Decreased ciliary action results in decreased removal of organisms
Cell mediated ( cellular) System and Humoral System
Takes place in the plasma
Two types of immune systems
Produces a type of stem cell that is able to produce all types of blood cells. RBC, WBC, platelets.
Bone marrow
Granules in the cytoplasm of cells aka polymorphonuclear leukocytes (largest WBC’s)
granulocytes
Cytokines/ B-cell production
T- Helper cells
Destroys antigens
Killer T-cells ( Cytotoxic T- cells
Attack malignant or viral cells
Natural Killer T- cells
Remember antigens and quickly stimulate immune response on re-exposure
Memory T cells
Activate B and T cells; control or limit specific immune response
Helper T cells
Destroy foreign cells, virus-infected cells
Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes
Antigens bond to the antigen forming an antigen-antibody complex. The antigen is now labeled for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils.
Opsonization
More prone to leukemia
X-ray tech
Steroids cause
Moon face
High blood sugars
Masculinity in women
May be toxic to kidney
Cyclosporine
Fever
Weight gain
Swelling
Tenderness at transplant site
4 signs of rejection to transplant
Chronic,progressive, systemic inflammatory that destroys synovial joint
Rheumatoid Arthritis
True/ False
Women on contraceptive therapy are less likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis.
True
Not a form of arthritis
Sjogren’s syndromes
Antibodies attack gastric parietal cells and the intrinsic factor cells, causing destruction and decreased secretion and function.
Pernicious Anemia
Auto antibodies bind with the hormone receptors and stimulate the release of T-SHIRT causing overstimulation or hyperthyroidism resulting in enlarged gland.
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
T/ F
Weight gain is the initial sign of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
False
Chronic, progressive inflammatory disease beginning in the lower back and progressing upwards.
S/S:
Kyphosis (curve in upper back)
Spasms
Weight loss
Fatigue
Insidious onset of lower back stiffness and pain. Worst in the a.m.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Chronic, progressive, incurable autoimmune disease
Affects multiple body organs.
Abnormal B cells that produce autoantibodies that destroy body cells.
ANA is positive in 95% of pts. It attacks the DNA in the cell nuclei.
Has periods of remission then it flares up
The immune complexes lodge in the blood and organs, leading to inflammation, damage and possibly death.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Kidneys( leading cause of death)
Heart
CNS
Often found in women during childbearing years. More often in AA /Latino women.
Organs that Lupus effect
Plasmapheresis is to eliminate autoantibodies from the blood
Treatment for lupus
Antibodies act to decrease the number and effectiveness of acetylcholine receptor sites.
The body is unable to transmit nerve impulse to voluntary muscles.
Develops during middle years and affects more women than men
Myasthenia Gravis
Caused by HIV and cofactors
AIDS
Opportunistic infection and cancer
Pneumocystis Carnii Pneumonia
Most common cancer associated with HIV
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Occurs as pink to purple lesions on the skin ( may look like ecchymosis)
It can also involve the lungs, lymph nodes, brain and GI tract including mouth & esophagus
Thought to be caused by human herpes virus 8
Treatment- chemo, cryotherapy and radiation but no cure
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
HIV infection of the brain or other parts of CNS
S/S- mild 2 severe memory impairment, personality changes, hallucinations, leg weakness, loss of balance & slow responses
Common complication of HIV/AIDS
SAFETY is the priority
AIDS Dementia Complex
Bacterial infections:
Occurs in 10% of those with AIDS
S/S : dyspnea, cough, chest pain, fever, night sweats & weight loss
+PPD of 5mm or more is defined
Tuberculosis
Retrovirus, only has RNA
Contains 3 enzymes:
1. Copies RNA into DNA, altering existing DNA into becoming a virus.
2. Helps to code DNA & provides blueprint.
3. Protese cuts the new strand of DNA & helps it migrate into the cell wall
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Viral infection
Found in the oral, genital, or rectal area
S/S: blister- like lesion that rupture & leave ulcerations, fever pain or bleeding.
Treatment: Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Herpes simplex 1/11
Viral infection:
Presents with prior episode of chicken pox- shingles
Treatment- Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Varicella zoster
Tonsils Lymph nodes Thymus gland Spleen Bone marrow Gut associated lymphoid tissue Lymph node
Immune system organs
Innate
Natural immunity
Determines susceptibility to diphtheria
Shock test
Identifies those who might need help against tuberculosis
Tuberculin skin test ( Mantoux test)
Common problems related to immune and lymphatic system
Fever
Malnutrition
Imminent
Immune system working properly creates
Immune competence
Abnormal responses of the immune system are typically the result of an infection, medical therapy, or exposure to select toxins. These abnormal responses are divided into two basic categories:
Immune deficiency disorders & autoimmune diseases
an insufficient production of antibodies, immune cells, or both; the disorders may be congenital or acquired. A deficiency in the immune system leaves the body unable to resist foreign microbes or toxins. Common viral infections, such as influenza or infectious mononucleosis, can cause a short-term weakened immune response.
Immune deficiency disorders
the immune system is unable to tell the difference between “self” (the body’s own cells) and “nonself” (foreign cells).
Body attacks self.
Autoimmune disorders
HIV-1 is the most common cause in the United States, Europe, and Asia.
HIV-2 is widespread in western Africa.
2 types of HIV
Spreads at a lower rate, has a lower plasma viral load, and takes longer to incubate, and individuals with this strain have a lesser risk of developing AIDS
HIV 2
Immediate response (Igm)
Humoral immunity (B lymphocytes)
Cell mediated ( T Lymphocytes) Igg
Is a delayed response
Normal CD4
500- 1600
Severe malnutrition that can lead to death
Anasaca ( waisting syndrome)
defined as losing more than 10% of weight along with at least 30 days of either diarrhea or weakness accompanied by fever. There is loss of 226body fat and muscle mass. This syndrome has a strong correlation to progression of AIDS and typically leads to death. Contributing factors include decreased appetite, the inability to absorb nutrients through the small intestines because of diarrhea, and an altered metabolism that may be associated with hormone levels.
Waisting Syndrome
tumors of the tissues and cells of the lymphatic system. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the most common lymphoma in people with HIV/AIDS. Most cases of NHL in these patients are large B-cell lymphomas and have an approximate 2-year mortality rate. HAART therapy appears to slow its progression; however, death is the outcome in a large percentage of cases
Lymphomas
The lymphatic system drains water, proteins, lipids, and waste from the interstitial spaces throughout the entire body and returns them to the lymph nodes, where waste materials and foreign cells, such as bacteria, are filtered out. Once “clean,” the lymph fluid returns to the lymphatic vessels, and the whole process is repeated. When the lymph system is unable to circulate normally, large amounts of fluid accumulate (lymphedema), causing swelling. If not controlled, this swelling can lead to further damage to surrounding nerves, blood vessels, and tissues.
Lymphedema
Inherited or acquired
2 types of Lymphedemia
inherited form (primary) is a congenital condition in which there is deficient growth of the lymphatic system, especially in a lower extremity. This condition chiefly affects women and most often becomes apparent during the middle teens to early twenties.
Inherited lymphedema
secondary) typically results from an obstruction caused by trauma to the lymph vessels and nodes, such as occurs during mastectomy when lymph nodes are removed, after radiation therapy, or after a liposuction procedure where some of the lymph nodes may have been damaged. Other causes of obstruction include extensive soft-tissue injury and scar formation and, in tropical countries, parasites that enter lymph channels and block them
Acquired lymphedema
- Chronic muscle pain, spasms, or tightness
- Stiffness on waking or after staying in one position for too long
- Moderate to severe fatigue and decreased energy levels
- Reduced exercise tolerance and increased muscle pain after exercise
- Tension or migraine headaches
- Jaw and facial tenderness
- Insomnia or waking up feeling just as tired as when you went to sleep
- Anxiety, depression
- Difficulty with concentration, memory recall, and performing simple mental tasks
- Abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and constipation alternating with diarrhea (irritable bowel syndrome)
- A sensation of swelling (without actual swelling) in the hands and feet
- Increase in urinary urgency or frequency (irritable bladder)
- Sensitivity to one or more of the following: odors, noise, bright lights, medications, certain foods, and cold
S/S of Fibromyalgia
A condition of chronic systemic pain and multiple symptoms that could not be explained as caused by any other source or disease. This disorder affects 5 million people in the United States. Women are 10 times more likely than men to experience fibromyalgia symptoms, and the condition is typically seen in women ranging in age from 25 to 60 years.
Fibromyalgia
Most common feature of Fibromyalgia is
Musculoskeletal pain
pain response to nonpainful stimuli.
may also be caused by a deficiency in the neurotransmitters dependent on serotonin and norepinephrine within the central nervous system.
symptoms have been present for at least 3 months; whether they occur on both sides of the body; and whether there are any tender points in at least 11 of 18 sites. Other symptom diagnostic criteria are sleep problems, poor cognition, fatigue, headaches, depression, and abdominal pain
Allodynia
An abnormal response to certain substances; it is considered a systemic immune disorder, rather than a localized one, and the reaction can be seen or expressed in one or more body systems
Allergy
A side effect of medical treatment
Iatrogenic
Extreme allergic reaction that is life-threatening
Anaphylaxis
1.HIV attaches to CD4 receptor or T helper cell
2 Infected cells replicates itself millions of times.
3.T helper cells fail to activate phagocytosis.
4. Immune system is unable to respond effectively.
5. OI occurs
HIV Invasion Steps
The most effective current treatment is highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a combination of available drugs recommended for HIV. This therapy is also effective against other conditions common to HIV/AIDS. OIs are treated with drugs specific to their cause, and sometimes antimicrobials are given to prevent infection.
Treatment for HIV
4 stages
Stage 1. Only has 1 lymph nodes
Stage 2. Found in either 2 or more lymph nodes
Stage 3. Found in lymph node area of above and below the diaphragm
Stage 4.Widely spread
Hodgkins Lymphoma
MOPP / ABVD
Treatment for Hodgkin’s disease
Swelling in the tissues
Angioedema
Avoid direct sunlight and any other type of ultraviolet lighting, including tanning beds.
• Use an SPF 30 or higher sunblock when outdoors.
• Wear long pants, a long-sleeved shirt, and a wide-brimmed hat when in the sun.
• Cleanse the skin only with a mild soap that has a glycerin base.
• Dry the skin thoroughly by patting rather than rubbing it.
• Apply nonperfumed lotion liberally to dry skin areas at least twice a day.
• Avoid using alcohol-based skin care products, face powder, or other astringent agents.
• Use cosmetics that contain moisturizers.
• Inspect the skin daily for rashes and open areas.
Skin Protection for Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
