Chapter 10 Flashcards
perspective taking
the social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings
self-esteem
the global evaluative dimension of the self; also referred to as self-worth or self-image
self-concept
domain-specific evaluations of the self
self-efficacy
the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
preconventional reasoning
the lowest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development; the individual’s moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment
heteronomous morality
Kohlberg’s first stage of preconventional reasoning in which moral thinking is tied to punishment
individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
Kohlberg’s second stage of preconventional reasoning, in which individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same
conventional reasoning
the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development; at this level, individuals abide by certain standards, but these are standards set by others such as parents or society
mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
Kohlberg’s third stage of moral development; individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments
social systems morality
the fourth stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty
post conventional reasoning
the highest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development; the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code
social contract or utility and individual rights
the fifth Kohlberg stage; individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law
universal ethical principals
the sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights
justice perspective
a moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual and in which individuals independently make moral decisions
care perspective
the moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others
domain theory of moral development
theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social, conventional, and personal domains; these domains arise from children’s and adolescents’ attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience
social conventional reasoning
thoughts about social consensus and convention, in contrast with moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues
gender stereotypes
broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males
androgyny
the presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual
popular children
children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers
average children
children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers
neglected children
children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
rejected children
children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
controversial children
children who are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked by their peers
intimacy in friendships
self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts
constructivist approach
a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher
direct instruction approach
a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent on learning tasks, and efforts to keep negative affect to a minimum
mindset
the cognitive view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves
