Chapter 10

Question 1

Protective barrier of the epidermis; the corneum and intercellular matrix protect the surface from irritation and dehydration.

Answer 1

barrier function

Question 2

Lipid substances between corneum cells that protect the cells from water loss and irritation

Answer 2

intercellular matrix

Question 3

Abbreviated EGF; stimulates cells to reproduce and heal.

Answer 3

epidermal growth factor

Question 4

Cells that stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids that form proteins

Answer 4

fibroblasts.

Question 5

Small, involuntary muscles in the base of the hair follicle that cause goose flesh when the appendage contracts, sometimes called goose bumps and papillae.

Answer 5

arrector pili muscle

Question 6

Guard cells of the immune system that sense unrecognized foreign invaders, such as bacteria, and then process these antigens for removal through the lymph system.

Answer 6

Langerhans immune cells

Question 7

Oil that provides protection for the epidermis from external factors and lubricates both the skin and hair.

Answer 7

sebum

Question 8

Fibrous protein of cells that is also the principal component of skin, hair, and nails; provides resiliency and protection.

Answer 8

keratin

Question 9

Outermost layer of skin; a thin, protective layer with many cells, mechanisms and nerve endings. It is made up of five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum.

Answer 9

epidermis

Question 10

Chronic condition that appears primarily on the cheeks and nose and is characterized by flushing (redness), telangiectasis (distended or dilated surface blood vessels), and, in some cases, the formation of papules and pustules.

Answer 10

rosacea

Question 11

Capillaries that have been damaged and are now larger, or distended blood vessels; commonly called couperose skin.

Answer 11

telangiectasia

Question 12

Coiled structures attached to hair follicles found in the underarm and genital areas that secrete sweat.

Answer 12

apocrine glands

Question 13

Sweat glands found all over the body with openings on the skin’s surface through pores; not attached to hair follicles, secretions do not produce an offensive odor.

Answer 13

eccrine glands

Question 14

Also called derma, corium, cutis, or true skin; support layer of connective tissue, collagen, and elastin below the epidermis.

Answer 14

dermis layer

Question 15

Also known as hypodermis; subcutaneous adipose (fat) tissue located beneath the dermis; a protective cushion and energy storage for the body.

Answer 15

subcutaneous layer

Question 16

Deeper layer of the dermis containing proteins, collagen, and elastin that give the skin its strength and elasticity.

Answer 16

reticular layer

Question 17

Top layer of the dermis next to the epidermis.

Answer 17

papillary layer

Question 18

Also known as horny layer; outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of corneocytes

There are 15 to 20 layers in this layer

Answer 18

stratum corneum

Question 19

Clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum; thickest on the palms of hands and soles of feet.

Answer 19

stratum lucidum

Question 20

Also known as granular layer; layer of the epidermis composed of cells filled with keratin that resemble granules; replace cells shed from the stratum corneum.

Answer 20

stratum granulosum

Question 21

Also known as spiny layer; layer of the epidermis above the stratum germinativum layer containing desmosomes, the intercellular connections made of proteins.

Answer 21

stratum spinosum

Question 22

Also known as basal cell layer; active layer of the epidermis above the papillary layer of the dermis; cell mitosis takes place here that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth.

Answer 22

stratum germinativum

Question 23

White blood cells that have enzymes to digest and kill bacteria and parasites. These white blood cells also respond to allergies.

Answer 23

leukocytes

Question 24

Protein fiber found in the dermis; gives skin its elasticity and firmness.

Answer 24

elastin

Question 25

Glycolipid materials that are a natural part of skin’s intercellular matrix and barrier function.

Answer 25

ceramides

Question 26

Caused by an elevation in blood sugar, glycation is the binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damaged, nonfunctioning structures, known as Advanced Glycation End products( a.k.a. AGES). Glycation alters protein structures and decreases biological activity.

Answer 26

glycation

Question 27

The protective barrier made up of sebum, lipids, sweat, and water.

Answer 27

Acid mantle

Question 28

Tube like openings for sweat glands on epidermis

Answer 28

Pores

Question 29

Fatty tissue found below the dermis that gives smoothness and contour to the body., contains fat for use of energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin.

Answer 29

Adipose tissue

Question 30

Creative oxidants that search the body for other electrons that will allow them to become stable, neutral molecules again.

Answer 30

Free radicals

Question 31

the study of the structure and | composition of the skin tissue.

Answer 31

Histology

Question 32

the study of the functions of | living organisms.

Answer 32

Physiology

Question 33

specialist in the cleansing, beautification, and preservation of the health of the skin on the entire body including the face and neck

Answer 33

Esthetician

Question 34

technicians, | skin therapists, or specialists.

Answer 34

Estheticians are referred to as

Question 35

• Covers 22 square feet. • Weighs about 7 pounds. • Protects muscles, bones, and nerves. • Serves as a barrier against environment. • Eyelids have thinnest skin. • Palms and soles have thickest skin. • Contains about one-half to two-thirds of the blood in the body. • Contains one-half of the primary immune cells.

Answer 35

Skin Facts

Question 36

* Slightly moist. * Soft and flexible. * Smooth and fine-grained. * Possesses slightly acid reaction.

Answer 36

Healthy Skin Characteristics

Question 37

* Millions of cells * 8 feet of blood vessels * 32 feet of nerves * 650 sweat glands * 100 oil glands * 65 hairs * 1,300 nerve endings * 155 pressure receptors * 12 cold and heat receptors

Answer 37

Contents of One | Square Inch of Skin

Question 38

``` – Sensation – Heat Regulation – Absorption – Protection – Excretion – Secretion ```

Answer 38

Skin Functions

Question 39

• Protects body from injury and bacterial invasion. • Acid mantle is a protective barrier made up of sebum, lipids, sweat, and water. • The hydrophilic component protects skin from drying out and exposure. • Skin repairs itself when injured.

Answer 39

Protection

Question 40

(pigment protects skin from the sun)

Answer 40

Melanin

Question 41

``` • Skin responds to: • Heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain • Millions of nerve-end fibers on the skin’s surface detect stimuli. • Sensations send messages to the brain. ```

Answer 41

Sensation

Question 42

• Protects body from environment. • Average body temperature is 98.6 degrees. • Maintains thermoregulation through: • Evaporation, perspiration, radiation, and insulation • Protects from cold and heat.

Answer 42

Heat Regulation

Question 43

• Sudoriferous glands: sweat glands excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess water, salt, and unwanted chemicals. • Pores: openings for the sweat glands; the vehicle through which waste is excreted.

Answer 43

Excretion

Question 44

• Sebum lubricates the skin and hair. • Skin is about 50 to 70 % water. • Sebum slows evaporation of water (transepidermal water loss – TEWL). • Emotional stress and hormone imbalances can stimulate oil glands to increase sebum flow, which can lead to skin problems.

Answer 44

Secretion

Question 45

The skin is composed of two main layers, the epidermis and the dermis.

Answer 45

Layers of the Skin

Question 46

the mother cells that divide in the | basal layer forming new daughter cells.

Answer 46

Stem cells

Question 47

move up through layers before becoming hardened corneocytes of the stratum corneum.

Answer 47

Daughter cells

Question 48

``` • Stratum corneum – the “horny” cells. • Stratum lucidum – the “clear” cells. • Stratum granulosum – the “grainy” cells. • Stratum spinosum – the “spiny” cells. • Stratum germinativum – the “growth” layer. ```

Answer 48

Epidermis Layers

Question 49

``` • Pheomelanin: Red to yellow in color. Fair skin has about 20 melanosomes per keratinocyte. • Eumelanin: Dark brown to black. Dark skin contains about 200 melanosomes per keratinocyte. ```

Answer 49

Two Types of Melanin

Question 50

• Motor nerve fibers: distributed to arrector pili muscles attached to hair follicles; cause goose flesh; include secretory nerves. • Sensory nerve fibers: react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain; send messages to the brain.

Answer 50

Nerves

Question 51

``` • Hair is an appendage of the skin. • Hair is a slender, threadlike outgrowth of the skin and scalp. • Hair contains 90 percent hard keratin, which forms long, continuous sheets (fingernails) or long, endless fibers (hair). ```

Answer 51

Hair and the Skin

Question 52

* The nail is an appendage of the skin. * A hard, translucent plate that protects the fingers and toes. * Composed of keratin. * Onyx is the technical term for nail. * Nail contains no blood vessels and grows about 1/10th of an inch per month.

Answer 52

Nails and the Skin

Question 53

Blood and lymph nourish the skin.

Answer 53

Skin Nourishment

Question 54

``` • Also known as aging rays. • Contribute up to 95% of sun’s UVR reaching the Earth’s surface. • UVA weakens the skin’s collagen and elastin fibers causing wrinkling and sagging in the tissues. • Can penetrate glass and clouds. ```

Answer 54

UVA Rays

Question 55

• Also known as burning rays. • Cause burning, tanning, aging, and skin cancer. • Skin should be checked regularly for signs of potential skin cancer.

Answer 55

UVB Rays