Chapter 10

Question 1

Pharmacology is…

Answer 1

the scientific study of how various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms

Question 2

The administration that approves new medications and removes unsafe medications from use

Answer 2

United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Question 3

What does it mean when a med is used “off-label”?

Answer 3

• A purpose not approved by the FDA
• At doses different from the recommended doses
• By a route of administration not approved by the FDA

Question 4

Schedule I drugs

Answer 4

high abuse potential; no recognized medical purpose

Question 5

Schedule II drug

Answer 5

high abuse potential; legitimate medical purpose

Question 6

Schedule III drug

Answer 6

Lower potential for abuse than Schedule II medications

Question 7

Schedule IV drugs

Answer 7

Lower potential for abuse than Schedule III drugs

Question 8

Schedule V drugs

Answer 8

Lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV drugs

Question 9

What is a synthetic drug?

Answer 9

Made completely in a laboratory

Question 10

What is a semisynthetic drug?

Answer 10

Made from chemicals derived from plant, animal, or mineral sources

Question 11

What is medication monograph also known as?

Answer 11

Medical profile

Question 12

What is a great reference for more info about a drug?

Answer 12

Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) or the USP-NF

Question 13

What is Pharmacodynamics?

Answer 13

a medication is administered, it alters a function or process of the body (what the drug does to YOU)

Question 14

What is Pharmacokinetics?

Answer 14

action of the body on a medication (what you do to the drug)

Question 15

What is an endogenous chemical?

Answer 15

Originates from within the organism (the body)

Question 16

What is an exogenous chemical?

Answer 16

Originates from outside the body (medications)

Question 17

What 4 possibilities happen when a medication binds with receptor site?

Answer 17

• Channels permitting the passage of ions in cell walls -may be opened or closed.
• A biochemical messenger becomes activated.
• A normal cell function is prevented.
• A normal or abnormal cell function begins.

Question 18

What does an AGONIST medication do?

Answer 18

Initiate or alter cellular activity

Question 19

What does an ANTAGONIST medication do?

Answer 19

prevent agonist chemicals from reaching cell receptor sites.

Question 20

What is the “threshold level”?

Answer 20

level at which initiation of alteration of cellular activity begins

Question 21

What is “potency”?

Answer 21

concentration of medication required to initiate a cellular response

Question 22

What is “efficacy”?

Answer 22

ability to initiate or alter cell activity in a therapeutic or desired manner

Question 23

What is the dose-response curve?

Answer 23

Illustrates the relationship of medication concentration and efficacy

Question 24

What is competitive antagonists?

Answer 24

Temporarily bind with cellular receptor sites.

Question 25

What is NON-competitive antagonists?

Answer 25

Permanently bind with receptor sites and prevent activation by agonist chemicals. Effects continue until new receptor sites or cells are created

Question 26

Partial agonist chemicals are...?

Answer 26

Chemicals that do not initiate as much cellular activity as other agonists

Question 27

What are antimicrobial meds?

Answer 27

May target specific substances present in the cell walls of a bacteria or fungi

Question 28

What are chelating agents?

Answer 28

- Bind with heavy metals. | - Sodium bicarbonate

Question 29

What are dieuretics?

Answer 29

Create osmotic changes. | Alter distribution of fluids and electrolytes.

Question 30

What are Electrolyte-based medications?

Answer 30

Change concentration and distribution of ions in cells and fluids throughout the body.

Question 31

What factors affect response to medications?

Answer 31

``` Choice of medication Dose Route Timing Manner of administration Monitoring ```

Question 32

How does hyperthermia affect medication?

Answer 32

May increase metabolism of drugs | May reduce amount of drug returned to circulation

Question 33

How does hypothermia affect medication?

Answer 33

Impairs effectiveness of medications used in traditional cardiac life support

Question 34

What is "hematocrit"?

Answer 34

The % of red blood cells in the intravascular space

Question 35

What is an idiosyncratic reaction?

Answer 35

A reaction that is completely unexpected and not previously known to occur with a particular medication.

Question 36

What is the therapeutic index?

Answer 36

The relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose. [The "sweet spot" between it being effective and killing you.] Large difference: medication is safe. Small difference: patient needs to be monitored.

Question 37

What is medication tolerance?

Answer 37

Certain medications have a decreased efficacy when taken repeatedly

Question 38

What is cross tolerance?

Answer 38

repeated exposure within a particular class has the potential to cause a tolerance to the class

Question 39

What is tachyphylaxis?

Answer 39

repeated doses within a short time rapidly cause tolerance

Question 40

How long can IO's be left in place?

Answer 40

24hrs

Question 41

What is a contraindication for an IO?

Answer 41

fractured bones

Question 42

Describes the extent to which a medication will spread within the body.

Answer 42

Volume of distribution

Question 43

The "Six Rights" of medication administration?

Answer 43

Right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation/reporting