Chapter 10

Question 1

GLobally, what percentage of the protein consumed by people in from plants?

Answer 1

65%

Question 2

Ingested protein must be broken down into amino aicds through the action of what kind of enzyme before it can be absorbed?

Answer 2

Proteases

Question 3

What 8 essential amino acids do adult humans need to obtain in their diets?

Answer 3

Methionine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine

Question 4

A mixture of plant proteins that provides all of the required amino acids in sufficient quantities is called

Answer 4

Complete proteins

Question 5

Many plant seeds are high in protein. Name and describe two things that are present in many seeds that make them less nutritious:

Answer 5

Lectins (bind sugars making them harder to digest)
Protease inhibitors (inhibit enzymatic digestion of protein)

Question 6

What are vitamins? How were most vitamins discovered?

Answer 6

• comes from vital amines (though not all are amines)
• discovered using animals fed minimal diets to create nutrient deficiency that is complemented by adding test compounds back to diet

Question 7

What vitamins are anti-oxidants?

Answer 7

C and E

Question 8

Which vitamins are lipid soluble?

Answer 8

A, D, E, and K

Question 9

In general, how do water soluble vs. lipid soluble vitamins differ with regard to dosage and turnover?

Answer 9

Water Soluble:
Dosage: Less likely to overdose
Turnover: quick, needs to be replaced frequently

Lipid Soluble:
Dosage: More likely to overdose
Turnover: slow

Question 10

list 2 vitamins not found in plants

Answer 10

D and B12

Question 11

List the vitamin associated with the following deficiency diseases:
pellagra
beriberi
scurvy
rickets
night blindness

Answer 11

pellagra: niacin (vitamin b3)
beriberi: Thiamine, B1
scurvy: Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin C
rickets: vitamin D

night blindness: Vitamin A

Question 12

How do antioxidants protect against oxidative damage?

Answer 12

they react with ROS and prevent them from reacting with important cellular components like DNA and proteins

Question 13

Describe some common chemical characteristics of antioxidants from plants

Answer 13

aromatic and electron rich (reduced) so they react quickly with oxidizers. Often contain quinone-like functional groups (Facilitate single electron transfers)

Question 14

What is the compound found in red wine, which has been found to activate proteins called sirtuins that signal the increase in lifespan for animals living with low caloric intake?

Answer 14

stillbenes