Chapter 10 Flashcards
Skill
Is the ability to do something well
What are the three classifications of motor skills?
- Movement Precision
- Type of Movement
- Predictability of the environment
What are the two classifications of movement precision
- Gross Motor Skills
- Fine Motor Skills
Gross Motor Skill
Skill that involves the recruitment of larger muscle groups
Fine Motor Skill
Skill that involves the recruitment of smaller muscles for precise movement
3 Types of Movement
- Discrete Motor Skills
- Continuous Motor Skills
- Serial Motor Skills
Discrete Motor Skills
Skill that has a distinct beginning and end
Continuous Motor Skills
Skill that has no obvious beginning and end point
Serial Motor Skill
The combination of several discrete skills performed in a sequence
Two classifications of predictability of environment
Closed Motor Skill
Open Motor Skill
Closed Motor Skill
Skill where the performer has greatest control over their environment
Open Motor Skill
Is a less predictable environment. In an open environment, the conditions are constantly changing and the performer has limited, if any, control over their environment
What are the three stages of learning
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
Cognitive Stage
IS the stage where the beginner is mentally trying to comprehend the movement requirements of the motor skill; that is ‘what is to be done’
Associative Stage
In this stage the performer is beginning to refine their technique/movement pattern. They are more consistent and make fewer errors
Autonomous Stage
In this stage the skill is now largely automatic; the performer is no longer consciously thinking about the skill. Their focus can be directed elsewhere while performing the skill
Reaction Time
The delay between a stimulus and the initiation of movement
Movement TIme
Time it takes from the initiation to the completion of the movement is known as movement time
Total Response TIme
Is the combination of reaction time and movement time
Anticipation
Is the ability to predict a likely event occuring. It enables the performer to optimise their movement preparation time and reduce their reaction time
Psychological Refractory Period
The momentary delay in processing the second of two stimuli received in quick succession.
What are the three types of Learning Styles
Visual
Auditory
Kinaesthetic
Visual Learner
Prefers to see demonstrations
Auditory Learner
prefers verbal instructions
Kinaesthetic Learner
Prefers to experience the task
Blocked Practice
Repetitive practice of the same task
Random Practice
Varied sequencing of different motor skills in the same session
Two types of feedback
Internal and External
Internal Feedback
Feedback from the performers own senses including visual, auditory, proprioception and touch
Proprioception
Sensory Information relayed from within the muscles
External Feedback
External Feedback can greatly enhance a performers own internal feedback system. It is feedback by outside sources and can be further classified as either knowledge of results or knowledge of performance
Three Purposes of External Feedback
- Fixing errors through either knowledge of results or performance
- Motivation through feedback
- Reinforcement through feedback
What factors determine the style and methods
- the level of competition
- if the sport is a team based or individual sport
- whether the athletes are junior or senior, elite or recreational, mixed or single gender
WHat are the 4 types of coaching styles
- Authoritarian
- Casual
- Democratic
- Cooperative
Authoritarian Coach
Is very strict and firm and demands discipline. This style of coach may make decisions. Can be very severe in poor performance and performers, punishing frequently, and may tell the athletes what to do without explaining why they are doing it
Casual Coach
The easy-going coach who is often described as a supervisor rather than a teacher. May provide little direction and may allow the players to ‘run’ training.
Democratic Coach
Uses a range of specialist staff and coaches, using their individual expertise to deliver the overall program. May be seen at an elite club. Staff members have specific roles. Coach responsible for the overall program.
Cooperative Coach
Involves players in the decision making but will guide the players with decisions. More likely to achieve the teams goals. Coach is more approachable.
Onfield roles of a coach
Managing Risks
Coach’s Code of Behavior - implemented to supplement other measures that ensure the safety and wellbeing of the athlete
Player- Coach Relationship
Off Field Roles of a Coach
Professional development, accreditation and coaching pathways
Coaching Juniors, Working with parents- eg-information evening
Working With officials
Planning and Reviewing
Four key steps in managing risk
1- Identify the risk
2 - Evaluate the risk
3- Select an approach to manage the risk
4- Implement the approach
Skills and Behaviors of an exemplary Coach
- Communication Skills
- Motivation Skills
- Leadership
- Conflict Resolution
- Understanding Group Dynamics
- Essential Knowledge - Knowledge of the sport, skill acquisition, sports psychology, sports injury prevention and medical history, Sports Nutrition
- Tactical and Strategical sense
Nature of Physical Activity
- Incidental eg- play with pets
- Structured/Planned - Exercise, Recreational Activities, Organised Sport
- Inactivity
- Regular Physical Activity
- Sedentary
Domains of Physical Activity
Leisure time activity domain
Household/gardening domain
Occupational Domain
Active Transport Domain
Dimensions Of Physical Activity
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type
Types of Benefits of Regular participation in Physical Activity
Physical benefits
Social Benefits
Mental Health Benefits
Physical Benefits of Physical Activity
Improved Cardiovascular Function Improved strength and endurance Resistance to Fatigue Greater lean body mass and less body fat Improved Flexibility Bone Development
Social Benefits of Physical Activity
Interacting with others increases a persons sense of connectedness within a community. Socializing when you are active can increase enjoyment of physical activity, improve self concept and improve quality of life and sense of well being
Mental Health Benefits of physical Activity
Greater self esteem and lower levels of anxiety.
Improved Brain Function
Lower risk of suffering from dementia and depression
Health Risks associated with inactivity
Type 2 Diabetes - too much sugar in the blood Obesity Cardio vascular disease Hypertension High Cholesterol Levels
What physical activity do infants need?
For healthy development in infants, physical activity – particularly supervised floorbased play in safe environments – should be encouraged frombirth.
How much physical activity does a toddler or pre-schooler need?
Toddlers (1 to 3 years)& Pre-schoolers (3 to 5 years) Toddlers and pre-schoolers should be physically active every day for at least three hours, spread throughout the day.
Sedentary Behaviour for 2-5 year olds
For children 2 to 5 years of age, sitting and watching television and the use of other electronic media (DVDs, computer and other electronic games) should be limited to less than one hour per day.
Sedentary Behaviour for 2 years and younger
Children younger than 2 years of age should not spend any time watching television or using other electronic media (DVDs, computer and other electronic games).
Physical Activity Guidelines for 5-12 yrs
- For health benefits, children aged 5-12 years should accumulate at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity every day.
- Children’s physical activity should include a variety of aerobic activities, including some vigorous intensity activity.
- On at least three days per week, children should engage in activities that strengthen muscle and bone.
- To achieve additional health benefits, children should engage in more activity – up to several hours per day.
Sedentary Behaviour Guideline for 5- 12 yrs
To reduce health risks, children aged 5-12 years should minimise the time they spend being sedentary every day. To achieve this:
- Limit use of electronic media for entertainment (e.g. television, seated electronic games and computer use) to no more than two hours a day - lower levels are associated with reduced health risks.
- Break up long periods of sitting as often as possible.
Physical Activity Guidelines for 13-17 years
- For health benefits, young people aged 13-17 years should accumulate at least 60
minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity every day. - Young people’s physical activity should include a variety of aerobic activities, including
some vigorous intensity activity. - On at least three days per week, young people should engage in activities that strengthen
muscle and bone. - To achieve additional health benefits, young people should engage in more activity – up
to several hours per day.
Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for 12-17 years
- To reduce health risks, young people aged 13-17 years should minimise the time they spend
being sedentary every day. To achieve this: - Limit use of electronic media for entertainment (e.g. television, seated electronic games
and computer use) to no more than two hours a day - lower levels are associated with
reduced health risks. - Break up long periods of sitting as often as possible.
Physical Activity Guidelines for 18-64 years
- Doing any physical activity is better than doing none. If you currently do no physical
activity, start by doing some, and gradually build up to the recommended amount. - Be active on most, preferably all, days every week.
- Accumulate 150 to 300 minutes (2 ½ to 5 hours) of moderate intensity physical activity or
75 to 150 minutes (1 ¼ to 2 ½ hours) of vigorous intensity physical activity, or an
equivalent combination of both moderate and vigorous activities, each week. - Do muscle strengthening activities on at least 2 days each week.
Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for 18-64 years
- Minimise the amount of time spent in prolonged sitting.
- Break up long periods of sitting as often as possible.
Factors Influencing Physical Activity
Individual Factors - Age, Sex, Socioeconomic Status, Self-efficacy
Socioeconomic Status, Income and Education
Cultural Background
Environmental Factors
Social Factors - Social Support, Dog Ownership
Physical Environment - Urbanization and Land Use
Barries to Participation in Physical Activity
- Time Constraints and Competing Roles - Being a parent, spouse or Partner. Occupation
- Personal Physical and Psychological Health - Chronic Diseases such as diabetes, chronic pain, Depression, or Injury
- Individual - Lack of Self -efficacy, Motivation, Detereminant, energy.
- External Factors - Lack of local activity facilities, transport. Cost. Weather.
Main purposes of assessing Physical Activity at a population level
- monitor the frequency and distribution of PA
- monitor the achievement of PAG over time
- study the relationship between PA ad health consequences
- identify biological, psychological and environmental factors that influence PA
- evaluate the effectiveness of large scale PA intervention programs
main Purposes of measuring physical activity at an individual level
- Detect change in an invididuals health or behavior
- Determine the effect of any change in physical activity behaviour
Barriers in men and women
some men may feel insecure going into a gym- many women are confortable exercising with other women
women role as a mother etc = barrier
Barriers in indigenous people
they are at a higher risk of being inactive- prefer to spend time with loved ones rather than exercising for health benefits and they also have low incomes
Barriers in people with disabilities
face challenges being active- lot of energy just to get to one place to another. need modified equipment/ rules - bad access to buildings
Barriers with geographical location
living in rural areas means less inactive people than in the city. Urban areas have more public transport etc- most farming has been replaced with technology
barriers with Elderly people
lack of social support as their spouse may have died- feel isolated and cant get to places etc
Barriers with Children
they are too tired
have too much h/w
housing has no backyard
they have large TV’s/ computers
Most common Barriers of Physical Activity
lack of time dislike of exercise feeling to tired lack of company lack of money some factors are a barrier and facilitator
Arousal
optimal performance is achieved when moderate levels of arousal are present and that performance is lowered when an individual is under/ over aroused
Recalls
ask the recipient to recall what they did yesterday, last week, last two weeks, last month and year
Questionnaires
Are used before and after a physical activity program to assess whether there has been a change to physical activity
Self Report
completed by the subject themselves- evolve some bias (socially acceptable)
Proxy Report
completed on behalf of someone else - for people who are unable to complete self report
Global Physical Activity Questionnaire
Recall instrument designed to assess physical activity in three settings - activity at work, travel to from places, and recreational activity
Knowledge of Results
specific feedback abut the outcome of the task
Knowledge of Performance
the characteristics of performing a task e.g tighter tuck to spin faster
How would a coach would adjust their coaching style for different context
the coach will need to delve into their toolbox to select the appropriate method for specific situations. The reason for doing this might be determined be what it is that the coach is trying to achieve at that particular moment
High Cholesterol levels
- consequences of physical inactivity include death and a heart attack
- physical activity can lower cholesterol levels and can reduce blood lipid profiles
- also prevents the build up of LDL
Cardiovascular disease
- CVD can cause type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol id a person is not physically active
- physical activity lowers blood pressure, reduces the risk of built up cholesterol
- if you are overweight you are at the risk of developing CVD
Obesity
- a BMI of 30 is classified as obese
- you expend more energy when you are physically active regularly and this assists in healthy weight maintenance
- medical complications include pulmonary diseases, sleep apnea, liver disease, stroke and diabetes
- PA burns excess fat and keeps you fit
type 2 diabetes
- diabetes results from too much sugar in the blood which occurs because the body either doesn’t produce or properly use insulin
- low PA levels and poor CV fitness are predictors of death related to type 2 diabetes
- PA is extremely important in the prevention of type 2 diabetes as it improves the body’s insulin use, muscle strength, lowers blood sugar levels
Hypertension
Is the medical term for high blood pressure. When blood pressure values are elevated above normal levels.
Socio economic Status
Socioeconomic status (SES) is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person’s work experience and of an individual’s or family’s economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation.
How does an individuals Socioeconomic status affect an individuals ability to participate in regular physical activity?
Adolescents from the highest family income braket were more active than adolescents from poorer families. Poorer families would be buying cheaper foods and might might not be able to pay for facilities such as gyms
