Chapter 10 Flashcards
What is the difference between self efficacy and self-confidence?
- Self-efficacy is an individual’s strong belief that he or she can accomplish a specific task or outcome successfully.
- Self-efficacy is one dimension of self-confidence, which refers to general assurance in one’s own ideas, judgment, and capabilities.
What are two ways to attain greater self-awareness?
- Seeking feedback from others
- Self-assessment: using self-inquiry and reflection to gain insights into oneself from the results of scores on self-assessment instruments such as those throughout your text
What are individual differences among people that are considered part of the cognitive (can do) domain?
- general cognitive ability
- knowledge
- skill
- ability
What are individual differences among people that are considered part of the noncognitive (will do) domain?
- personality
- values and interests
- motivation
Which individual differences among people are more stable and which are more malleable?
- Stable
general cognitive ability
personality
values and interests
- Malleable
experience
knowledge
skill
motivation
What is an attitude?
- An _attitude _is a cognitive and affective evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way.
What are considered high-performance work attitudes?
- Job satisfaction: refers to a positive attitude toward one’s job
- _Organizational commitment: _refers to loyalty to and engagement with one’s work organization.
- Organizational citizenship: refers to work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization’s success.
Perception is a cognitive process that people use to make sense out of the environment. It consists of three steps. What are those steps?
- observe: observing information via the senses
- screen: screening information and selecting what to process
- organize: organizing the selected data into patterns for interpretation and response
What are perceptual distortions?
- Perceptual distortions are errors in perceptual judgment that arise from inaccuracies in any part of the perception process.
What is the difference between stereotyping and the halo effect?
- _Stereotyping _is a performance evaluation error that occurs when a manager places an employee into a class or category based on one or a few traits or characteristics.
- The _halo effect _occurs when a manager gives an employee the same rating on all dimensions of the job, even though performance may be good on some dimensions and poor on others.
What are attributions?
- _Attributions _are judgments about what caused a person’s behavior—something about the person or something about the situation.
- People make attributions as an attempt to understand why others behave as they do.
- An_ internal attribution_ says characteristics of the person led to the behavior. (“Susan missed the deadline because she’s careless and lazy.”)
- An external attribution says something about the situation caused the person’s behavior. (“Susan missed the deadline because she couldn’t get the information she needed in a timely manner.”)
What is the difference between the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias?
- The fundamental attribution error occurs when evaluating others, we tend to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors.
- The _self-serving bias _is the tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one’s successes and the contribution of external factors to one’s failures.
What is the definition of personality?
- An individual’s _personality _is the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.
What are the Big 5 personality factors?
- The Big Five personality factors describe an individual’s extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.
Define each of the Big 5 personality factors.
- Extroversion. The degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, assertive, and comfortable with interpersonal relationships
- Agreeableness. The degree to which a person is able to get along with others by being good-natured, likable, cooperative, forgiving, understanding, and trusting
- Conscientiousness. The degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving in ways that are responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement-oriented
- Emotional stability (also called neuroticism). The degree to which a person is calm, enthusiastic, and self-confident, rather than tense, depressed, moody, or insecure.
- Openness to experience. The degree to which a person has a broad range of interests and is imaginative, creative, artistically sensitive, and willing to consider new ideas.
What is the difference between internal and external locus of control?
- Locus of control defines whether an individual places the primary responsibility for his successes and failures within himself or on outside forces.
- Some people believe that their own actions strongly influence what happens to them. They feel in control of their own fate. These individuals have a high internal locus of control.
- Other people believe that events in their lives occur because of chance, luck, or outside people and events. They feel more like pawns of their fate. These individuals have a high external locus of control.
What does the trait authoritarianism describe?
- _Authoritarianism _is the belief that power and status differences should exist within an organization.
What does the trait Machiavellianism describe?
- _Machiavellianism _refers to a tendency to direct one’s behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of other people for personal gain.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is popular in corporate America. What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and what does it assess?
- The MBTI™ assessment measures a person’s preferences for introversion versus extroversion, sensation versus intuition, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus perceiving.
What are emotions? What are examples of positive emotions? What are examples of negative emotions?
- An _emotion _is a mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes.
- Positive emotions: happiness/joy, pride, love/affection, relief
- Negative emotions: anger, fright/anxiety, guilt/shame, sadness, envy/jealousy, disgust
Can you as a manger affect the emotions of your employees? How?
- Yes; through emotional contagion.
- Managers who express positive emotions such as happiness, enthusiasm, and appreciation trigger positive emotions in employees.
- Research suggests that nearly all human beings are subject to emotional contagion and will automatically and unconsciously start feeling and displaying the same emotions as those around them.
What are the four components of emotional intelligence?
- self-awareness
- self-management
- social awareness
- relationship management
What is stress?
- _Stress _is a physiological and emotional response to stimuli that place physical or psychological demands on an individual and create uncertainty and lack of personal control when important outcomes are at stake.
What is the difference between challenge stress and threat stress?
- Challenge stress fires you up, whereas threat stress burns you out.
What is the relationship between stress and performance?
- The relationship is curvilnear.
- Too little or too much stress leads to lower performance.
- A medium level of stress leads to optimal performance.
What is the difference between Type A and Type B behavior?
- The behavior pattern referred to as Type A behavior is characterized by extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work.
- Type B behavior is a behavior pattern that reflects few of the Type A characteristics and includes a more balanced, relaxed approach to life.
What are the primary causes of work stress?
- task demands, especially those that cause role ambiguity which means that people are unclear about what task behaviors are expected of them
- interpersonal demands, especially those that cause role conflict, which occurs when an individual perceives incompatible demands from others
Approximately how much of a person’s personality is explained by the Big 5 personality factors?
- 75%
Which of the Big 5 personality factors predicts job performance across all occupational groupings?
- conscientiousness
