Chapter 10 Flashcards
Is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, and people
Concept
Refers to the mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information
Cognition
Is the best example of a particular category
Prototype
Is a methodical, logical procedure that, while sometimes slow, guarantees success
Algorithm
Is a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
Heuristic
Is a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
Insight
Is an obstacle to problem solving in which people tend to search for information that validates their preconceptions
Confirmation bias
Is an inability to approach a problem in a new way
Fixation
Refers to the tendency to continue applying a particular problem solving strategy even when it is no longer helpful
Mental set
Is a type of fixation in which a person can think of things only in terms of their usual functions
Functional fixedness
Is the tendency to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they conform to ones prototypes
Representativeness heuristic
Is based on estimating the probability of certain events in terms of readily they come to mind
Availability Heuristic
Refers to the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements
Overconfidence
Refers to the way an issue or question is posed
Framing
Is the tendency for a persons preexisting beliefs to distort his or her logical reasoning
Belief bias
Refers to spoken, written, or gestured words and how we combine them to communicate meaning
Language
Are the smallest units of sound in a language that are distinctive for speakers of language
Phonemes
Are the smallest units of sound in a language that convey meaning
Morphemes
Is a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Grammar
Is the aspect of grammar that specifies the rules used to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
Semantics
Is the aspect of grammar specifying the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Syntax
Begins around4 months, is characterized by the spontaneous utterance of speech sounds
Babbling stage
Between one or two years of age. Children speak mostly single words
One-word stage
About the age of 2 and they speak mostly two word sentences
Two- word stage
Is the economical, telegram like speech of children in the two word stage
Telegraphic speech
Is Benjamin Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Linguistic determinism
