Chapter 10 Flashcards
The adjustment that the brain and the body make to the regular use of certain dugs so that ever larger doses are needed to achieve the earlier effects
tolerance
Pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance, sometimes also including tolerance for substance and withdrawal reactions.
Substance abuse disorder
Unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who regularly use a drug stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug
withdrawal
Any beverage containing ethyl alcohol, including beer, wine, and liquor
Alcohol
The misuse of substances has become society’s ________ problem; it has been estimated that the cost of substance misuse is mote than ______ ______ each year in the United States.
biggest; $600 billion
In 1962 only ____ _____ people in the United States had ever used________,________, ________, or another illegal substance; today the number has climbed to more than _____ ________.
4 million; marijuana, cocaine, heroin; 94 million
In fact ____ _____ people have used illegal substances within the past______. Almost _____ percent of all high school seniors have used an illegal drug within the past ____-.
22 million; month; 24; month
Any substance other than food that affects our bodies and minds.
drug
What term is now used in place of drug and why is it used?
Substance is the term used because many people fail to see that such substances as alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine are drugs too.
Substances may cause temporary change in behavior, emotion, or thought. True or False
True
When a person ingests a _______ such as alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or some form of medication—trillions of powerful _________ surge through the _________ and into the _______.
substance; molecules; bloodstream; brain
An excessive amount of alcohol can lead to _______
intoxication (literally, poisoning)
A temporary star of poor judgement, mood changes, irritability, slurred speech, and poor coordination.
intoxication
Some substances can also lead to long-term problems. People who regularly ingest them may develop
substance use disorder
People who crave a particular substance and rely on it excessively, resulting in damage to their family and social relationships, poor functioning at work, and or danger to themselves or others
Substance use disorder
Drugs such as LSD may produce a particular form of intoxication called________, which consists of perceptual distortions and hallucinations.
Hallucinosis
The need of increasing doses of the substance to produce the desired effect.
Tolerance
Reactions consist of unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms–cramps, anxiety attacks, sweating, nausea—that occur when the individuals suddenly stop taking or cut back the substance.
Withdrawal
People who attend AAA meetings suffer from a disorder called?
Alcohol use disorder
In any given year, _____ percent of all teens and adults in the United States, over _______ million people, display substance use disorder.
8.9; 22
The highest rate of substance abuse disorder is found among what nationality?
American Indians at 15.5 percent
The lowest rate of substance abuse disorder is found among what nationality?
Asian American 3.5 percent
White Americans, Hispanic Americans, and African Americans display what rates of substance abuse disorder?
9 and 10 percent
What percentage of all people with substance abuse disorders receive treatment from a mental health professional?
Only 11 percent of all people
The substances people misuse fall in several categories, name them.
Depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and cannabis
The World health organization estimates that how many people worldwide consume alcohol.
2 billion
In the U.S. how many residents at least from time to time drink beverages that contain alcohol?
More than half
When people consume five or more drinks on a single occasion it is called
binge-drinking episode
What percentage of all people in the U.S. over the age of 11, most of them male, binge-drink each month.
Nearly 7 percent of persons
Among heavy drinkers, males out number females by
more than 2 to 1, around 8 percent to 4 percent
A chemical that is quickly absorbed into the blood through the lining of the stomach and the intestine. It begins to take effect as it is carried the bloodstream to the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), where it acts to depress, or slow, functioning by binding to various neurons. All alcohol beverages contain this.
ethyl alcohol
Name one important group of neurons to which ethyl alcohol binds
Those that normally receive the neurotransmitter GABA
Carries an inhibitory message when it is received at certain neurons
GABA
A message to stop firing
inhibitory message
