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Dynamic Earth Final > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Deformation

A

General term for the process of folding, faulting, shearing, compression, or extension of rocks as the result of various natural forces

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2
Q

Rock Structures or Geologic

A

All features created by the process of deformaiton from minor fractures in ebdrock to a major mountain chain

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3
Q

Stress

A

The force per unit area acting on any surface within a solid

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4
Q

Confining Pressure

A

Stress that is applied uniformly in all directions

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5
Q

Differential Stress

A

foreces that are unequal in different directions

Three types: Compressional stress, tensional stress, and shear stress

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6
Q

Compressional Stress

A
  • Differential stress the shortens a rock body

- associated with convergant plate boundaries

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7
Q

Tensional Stress

A
  • Type of differential stress that pulls rock bodies apart

- Along divergent plate boundaries

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8
Q

Shear Stress

A
  • Differential stress that causes two adjacent parts of a rock body to slide past on another
  • similar to a deck of playing cards
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9
Q

Strain

A

an irreversible change in the shape and size of a rock body caused by stress

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10
Q

Elastic Deformation

A

Rock deformation in which the rock will return to nearly its orginial size and shape when the stress is removed

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11
Q

Brittle Deformation

A
  • Rocks break into smaller pieces once the elastic limit (strength) of a rock is surpassed, and it either bends or breaks.
  • occurs when stress breaks the chemical bonds that hold a material together
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12
Q

Ductile Deformation

A

A type of solid-state flow that produces a change in the size and shape of a rock body without fracturing. Occurs at depths where temperatures and confining pressures are high

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13
Q

Joints

A

A fracture in rock along which there has benn no movement

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14
Q

Fault

A

A break in a rock mass along which movement has occured

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15
Q

Factors tha affect rock strength

A

temperature, confining pressure, rock type, and geologic time

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16
Q

Folds

A

A bent layar or series of layers that were orginally horizontal and subsequently deformed

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17
Q

Anticline

A

A fold in sedimentary strata that resembles an arch

-a structure in which the oldest strata are found in the center

18
Q

Syncline

A

A linear downfold in sedimentary strata; the opposite of an anticline
-a structure in which the youngest strata are found in the center

19
Q

Dome

A

A roughly circular upfold structure

-oldest rocks form the core

20
Q

Basins

A

A circular downfold structure

-youngest rocks form the core

21
Q

Monocline

A

A onle-limbed flexure in strata. The strata are usually flat-laying or very gently dipping on both sides of the monocline

22
Q

Dip-slip Faults

A

A fault in which the movement is parallel to the dip of the fault

23
Q

Hanging Wall Block

A

The rock surface immediately above a fault

24
Q

Footwall Block

A

The rock surface below a fault

25
Q

Fault Scraps

A

A cliff created by movement along a fault. It represets the exposed surface of the fualt prior to modification by weathering and erosion

26
Q

Normal Faults

A

A fault in which the rock above the fault plane has moved down relative to the rock below

27
Q

Fault block mountains

A

A mountian that is formed by the displacement of rock along a fault

28
Q

Horsts

A

An elongate, uplifted block of crust bounded by faults

29
Q

Grabens

A

A valley formed by the downward displacement of a fault-bounded rock

30
Q

Half-grabens

A

A tilted fault block in which the higher side is associated with mountainous topography and the lower side is a basin that fills with sediment

31
Q

Detachment Fault

A

A nearly horizontal fault tha tmay extend for hundreds of kilometers below the surface. Such a fault represents a boundry between rocks that exhibit ductile deformation and rocks that exhibit brittle deformation

32
Q

Reverse Faults

A

A fault in which the material above the fault plane moves up in relation to the material below

33
Q

Thurst Faults

A

A low-angle reverse fault

34
Q

Klippe

A

A remnant or an outlier of a thrust sheet that was isolated by erosion

35
Q

Strike-Slip Fault

A

A fault along which movement occurs horizontally

36
Q

Transform Faults

A

A major strike-slip fault that cuts through the lithosphere and accommodates motion between two plates

37
Q

Oblique-Slip Faults

A

A fault that exhibits both dip-slip and strike-slip movements

38
Q

Joints

A

A fracture in rock along which there has been no movement

39
Q

Strike

A

The compass direction of the line of intersection created by a dipping bed or fault and a horizontal surface. A strike is always perpendicular to the direction of dip.

40
Q

Dip

A

The angle at which a rock layer or fault is inclined form the horizontal. The directin of dip is at a right angle to strike.

Dynamic Earth Final (3 decks)

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