chapter 10 Flashcards
Motive
Internal state that arouses and directs behaviour towards a specific object or goal
Motive is caused
by a deficit, a lack of something
Motives differ
Motives differ from each other in type and amount
motives operate
through conscious or unconscious mental processes that generate intrapsychic influence on behaviour
Motives are based on
needs:
- States of tension within a person
- As a need is satisfied, tension is reduced
Motives propel people to perceive, think and act in ways that serve to satisfy the need
Why motives are part of the intrapsychic domain
1.Motivational psychologists stress the importance of internal psychological needs and urges that propel people to think, perceive and act in predictable ways
2. Motives can be unconscious
3. Reliance on projective techniques
Need - Henry Murray
is the readiness to respond in a specific manner under particular circumstances involves the organization of actions to fulfill a need, compelling individuals to take necessary steps. These needs create a state of tension, and their satisfaction serves to alleviate that tension. It’s the ongoing process of tension reduction through satisfying actions.
Need- Murray proposed
list of fundamental human needs. Each individual possesses a distinct hierarchy of needs, each associated with specific desires, intentions, emotions, and corresponding action. These needs exist at varying levels of strength within a person, forming a unique and dynamic motivational structure.
what are the list of needs - Murray proposed
- AMBITION NEEDS
-Achievement: To master, manipulate, accomplish difficult tasks rapidly and independently and overcome obstacles and excel.
- Exhibition: To be seen and heard, to be the centre of attention. To make an impression on others and amaze.
- order: To putthings in orderly arrangement, to desire cleanliness, organization. - NEEDS TO DEFEND STATUS
- Dominance: To control one’s environment, particularly the social environment. - NEEDS RELATED TO SOCIAL POWER
- Abasement: To accept injury, criticism and blame.
- Aggression: To forcefully punish or oppose another.
- Autonomy: To avoid being dominated.
- Blame-Avoidance: To avoid humiliation at all costs. - SOCIAL AFFECTION NEEDS
- Affiliation: To please and win affection of those you like.
- Nurturance: To assist persons ind a n g e r .To help, support, console, protect, comfort, nurse, feed and heal others.
- Succour: To receive aid from others.
Press - Need-relevant aspects of the environment
- Alpha press: Objective reality
- Beta press: Perceived reality
What one person sees may be different from what other people see
TAT?
Thematic Apperception Technique
Apperception and the TAT
Presumption that a person projects current needs and motives into the interpretation of a picture
Self-Determination Theory
A framework that considers how needs and press come together to guide someone’s behaviour
The Big Three Motives
- Need for Achievement (nAch)
- Need for Power (nPow)
- Need for Intimacy (nlnt)
Need for Achievement (nAch)
People who have a high need for achievement:
- Prefer activities that offer some, but not too much, challenge
- Enjoy tasks where they are personally responsible for the outcome
- Prefer tasks where feedback on their performance is available
Need for Power (nPow)
- Readiness or preference for having an impact on people
- People with a high nPow are interested in controlling situations and controlling others
people with high need for power
nPow correlates positively with having arguments with others, taking larger risks, behaving assertively etc.
people with low need for power
People with a high nPow do not deal well with frustration and conflict and show strong stress responses, including high blood pressure
Need for Intimacy (nlnt)
Recurrent preference or readiness for warm, close, communicative interactions with others
Humanistic Tradition: The Motive to Self-Actualize
The focus lies on heightened awareness of personal needs, choice, and individual responsibility, diverging from psychoanalysis by emphasizing positive growth towards desired human potential.
Humanistic Tradition: The Motive to Self-Actualize
Much of motivation is viewed through the lens of a need for personal growth and fulfillment, striving to become one’s true self. In the humanistic tradition, the drive for self-actualization is perceived as independent of deficiencies, emphasizing a positive and proactive pursuit of one’s potential without being rooted in a sense of lack or inadequacy.
Rogers’ Contributions
Focused on ways to foster and attain self- actualization
Fully functioning person:
Person who is on his or her way to self-
actualization
People who are not moving forward in terms of self-actualization
experience episodes of anxiety
Client-Centred Therapy
- Rogers’ approach to therapy
- Designed to get a person back on path towards self-actualization
Three core conditions for therapeutic progress:
- Must be an atmosphere of genuine acceptance of the client by the therapist
- Therapist must express unconditional positive regard for the client
- Empathic understanding: Client must feel that the therapist understands him or her
Motives can be used to
to explain why people do what they do
Motive explanations imply
a goal that pulls people to think, act and feel in certain ways
he need to self-actualize is
a distinct tradition in the psychology of motivation, different from the tradition that emphasizes deficit motivation
