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SOCIOLOGY 100 FINAL > CHAPTER 10-14 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 10-14 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many major world religions are there?

A

At least 22 major world religions.

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2
Q

What are the three largest world religions?

A

Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism.

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3
Q

What trend is observed in Canadian religious patterns?

A

Declining religious affiliation and attendance.

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4
Q

What are the positive outcomes of religion for individuals?

A

It provides social capital, including bridging and bonding capital.

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5
Q

What is Marx’s view on religion?

A

He described it as the “opium of the people” and a tool for social control.

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6
Q

What inequalities are associated with religion, according to conflict theorists?

A

Religion contributes to social and gender inequalities.

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7
Q

How did Weber link religion and capitalism?

A

He said Protestant beliefs encouraged hard work, which helped capitalism grow.

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8
Q

What do modern sociologists say about religion?

A

They focus on how rituals, symbols, and beliefs help people make sense of society.

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9
Q

What are the four main rules of science, according to Merton?

A
  1. Sharing knowledge (communism).
  2. Being fair and unbiased (universalism).
  3. Staying objective (disinterestedness).
  4. Questioning everything (organized skepticism
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10
Q

What do sociologists study about science?

A

They look at how scientists work together, follow rules, and compete with each other.

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11
Q

What’s bridging capital in religion?

A

It connects different groups of people.

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12
Q

What’s bonding capital in religion?

A

It creates strong ties within one group.

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13
Q

What is deviance?

A

Breaking social rules; what’s “wrong” is decided by people in society.

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14
Q

What’s the difference between high-consensus and low-consensus deviance?

A
  • High-consensus: Everyone agrees (e.g., murder).
  • Low-consensus: People disagree (e.g., tattoos, weed).
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15
Q

What is crime?

A

Breaking the law, like stealing or hurting someone.

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16
Q

What are the two parts of a crime?

A
  1. Actus reus: Doing something illegal.
  2. Mens rea: Intending to do it.
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17
Q

How have crime rates changed since 1991?

A

Crime has gone down, mostly property crimes like theft.

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18
Q

What are punishments for?

A
  1. Payback: Make the criminal pay for the crime.
  2. Stop crimes: Scare others from doing the same.
  3. Rehab: Help criminals improve.
  4. Protection: Keep society safe.
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19
Q

What keeps people from breaking rules, according to Hirschi?

A
  1. Attachment: Caring about others.
  2. Commitment: Working toward goals.
  3. Involvement: Staying busy with good activities.
  4. Belief: Knowing what’s right and wrong.
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20
Q

What is primary deviance?

A

A small bad act that doesn’t cause trouble (e.g., skipping school once).

21
Q

What is secondary deviance?

A

Repeated bad behavior after being labeled a “troublemaker.”

22
Q

What is labeling theory?

A

Calling someone bad can make them act worse.

23
Q

What is restorative justice?

A

Fixing harm by letting the victim, offender, and community solve the problem together.

24
Q

How has health improved since the early 1900s?

A
  • People live longer.
  • Fewer deaths from infectious diseases (thanks to better sanitation and medicine).
25
Q

What are today’s biggest health problems?

A
  • Older people: Heart disease, cancer, stroke.
  • Younger people: Accidents and suicide.
26
Q

What is the top preventable cause of death worldwide?

A

Smoking (tobacco use).

27
Q

Why does smoking affect young people?

A

Ads and movies make it look cool.

28
Q

What are social determinants of health?

A

Things like income, education, and ethnicity that affect health, even if someone has healthy habits.

29
Q

How does socioeconomic status affect health?

A
  • Poorer people have less access to good healthcare, clean water, and healthy food.
  • It can also cause mental stress.
30
Q

What are the four parts of the “sick role,” according to Parsons?

A
  1. You can skip normal duties (e.g., work).
  2. You’re not blamed for being sick.
  3. You must try to get better.
    4 .You need to see a doctor.
31
Q

What diseases are common now compared to the past?

A
  • Past: Infectious diseases like tuberculosis.
  • Now: Degenerative diseases like cancer and heart disease.
32
Q

What is collective behavior?

A

Group actions that are spontaneous, unstructured, and outside the usual social norms (e.g., protests, riots).

33
Q

What are the three types of crowds?

A
  1. Casual: Random gatherings (e.g., people in a park).
  2. Conventional: Organized for a purpose (e.g., concerts).
  3. Acting: Focused on a goal, often emotional (e.g., protests).
34
Q

What does contagion theory say about crowd behavior?

A

Crowds make people act irrationally because of anonymity and influence from others.

35
Q

What does convergence theory say about crowd behavior?

A

Crowds are made up of like-minded people who gather for the same purpose (e.g., protests).

36
Q

What are rumors?

A

Unproven stories about events or people that change as they spread.

36
Q

What are urban legends?

A

Long-lasting stories with a hidden message, like “flashing headlights means gang initiation.”

37
Q

What is moral panic?

A

When society overreacts to a perceived threat (e.g., blaming video games for violence).

38
Q

What are the four ways social movements vary?

A
  1. Type of change (what they want to change).
  2. Degree of change (small or big changes).
  3. Who they target (individuals or society).
  4. How they work (peaceful or forceful).
38
Q

What is a social movement?

A

An organized effort to create or resist big changes in society.

39
Q

What is resource mobilization theory?

A

Social movements succeed when leaders use resources (money, people, networks) effectively.

40
Q

What is an example of a social movement?

A

The civil rights movement or climate change activism.

41
Q

What is overpopulation?

A

Too many people for Earth to handle sustainably.

42
Q

What is ecological overshoot?

A

Using resources faster than Earth can replace them.

43
Q

What is an ecological footprint?

A

How much land and resources people use.

44
Q

What did Malthus say about population?

A

If it grows too much, Earth won’t support everyone.

45
Q

How does industrialization harm the Earth?

A

It causes pollution and wastes resources.

46
Q

How much waste does Canada produce?

A

34 million tonnes a year (2.2 kg per person per day).

47
Q

What is greenwashing?

A

Companies pretending their products are eco-friendly.

SOCIOLOGY 100 FINAL (1 decks)

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