Chapter 10 Flashcards
These organizations are extensively occupied with formulating risk estimates of somatic and genetic effects of irradiation
ICRP
NCRP
UNSCEAR
NAS/NRC-BEIR
Evaluates information on biological effects of radiation and provides protection guidance through general recommendations on occupational and public dose limits
ICRP
Reviews regulations formulated by the ICRP and decides ways to included those recommendations in US radiation protection criteria
NCRP
Evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposure and derived radiation risk assessments from epidemiological data and research conclusions; provides information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation
UNSCEAR
Reviews studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment and provides the information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation
NAS/NRC-BEIR
When was UNSCEAR established
1955
When was the NCRP established
1964
UNSCEAR evaluates human and environmental exposures from a variety of sources including;
Radioactive materials
Radiation producing machines
Radiation accidents
5 US REGULATORY AGENCIES
- NRC
- Agreement states
- EPA
- FDA
- OSHA
NRC
Oversees the nuclear energy industry, enforces radiation protection standards, publishes its rules and regulations in Title 10 of the US Code of Federal Regulation
Regulates the use of radioisotopes
Agreement states
Enforce radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments
EPA
Facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment
FDA
Conducts an ongoing product radiation control program, regulating the design and manufacture of electronic products, including x-ray equipment
OSHA
Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry
The NRC mandates that a ________ be established for facilities
Radiation safety committee
A RSO should be selected to
Oversee the programs daily operation
Provide for formal review of the program each year
What is equivalent dose
Product of absorbed dose in a tissue or organ in the human body
What is equivalent dose base on
Type of radiation
Wr
What is effect dose
Provides a measure of the overall risk of exposure to ionizing radiation
What is effective dose based on
Radiation type
Tissue type
ICRP provides measurements for what
Occupational and Public dose limits
Non governmental
Non profit
Private
NCRP
Determines how the ICRPs recommendations are incorporated into the US radiation protection criteria
NCRP
Helps to formulate radiation protection guidelines
Evaluate human and environmental ionizing radiation from different sources
UNSCEAR
unscear uses
information from Radiation Effects Research Foundation to study epidemiological data from Japanese atomic bomb survivors
When was Beir V report formulated
1990
Group that reviews studies of biological effects of ionizing radiation
name the four US regulatory agencies
NRC
AGREEMENT STATES
EPA
FDA
OSHA
Has the authority to control the possession, use, and production of atomic energy in the interest of national security
NRC
This group has the power to enforce radiation protection standards
NRC
Main function of the NRC
Oversee the nuclear energy industry
Controls manufacture and use of radioactive isotopes
Conducts an ongoing product radiation control program, regulating design and manufacturing of electron products including x ray equipment
FDA
Responsible for an employees right to know
OSHA
Concept of radiation exposure and the associated risk of radiation induced malignancy
Basis of EfD limiting system
UNSCEAR evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation from three different sources
Radioactive material
Radiation producing machines
Radiation accidents
Does the NRC regulate or inspect imaging facilities
No
Main Functions of NRC
oversee nuclear energy industry
Controls manufacture and use of radioactive isotopes formed in nuclear reactors
Facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the ENVIRONMENT
EPA
Performs on site inspections of x ray equipment
FDA
Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968
Protect the public from the hazards of unnecessary radiation exposure resulting from electronic products and diagnostic x ray equipment
When did the code of standards for diagnostic x ray equipment go into effect
August 1, 1974
Alara was initiated in
1954
Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981
Programs should be accredited
Technologist should be accredited
FDA White paper
Each patient should get the right exam, at the right time, with the right dose
Severe skin burn
2,000 mGy or higher
Hair loss
3,000 mGy or higher
Decreased sperm count
150 mGy or higher
Random effects such as cancer or hereditary
Stochastic
EfD limiting system
method for controlling risk of biological damage to radiation workers and the public
EfD limit for continuous or frequent exposure from artificial sources
1 mSv
EfD limit for annually infrequent exposures
5 mSv
Monthly eQd limit for embryo
.5 mSv
EqD LIMIT FOR ENTIRE PREGNANCY
5 mSv
Stochastic Effects
Threshold or non
NON
Tissue reactions
Threshold or no
Threshold
Annual Occupational EfD limit
50 mSv
Tissue weighting factors for bone surface and skin
.01
Tissue weighting factor for breast, bladder, liver
.05
tissue weighting factor for red bone marrow, colon, lungs, stomach
.12
tissue weighting factor for gonads
.20
