Chapter 10

Question 1

nucleotides

Answer 1

linked, repeating units that make up DNA;

each nucleotide contains a sugar, a phosphate, and a base

Question 2

Chargaff’s Rule

Answer 2

a rule regarding the ratios of bases; the amount of adenine = the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine = the amount of cytosine

Question 3

the transforming principle

Answer 3

there is a substance responsible for transformation

now, this substance is known as DNA

Question 4

x-ray diffraction

Answer 4

a process where x-rays are beamed at a molecule and are reflected in specific patterns that reveal aspects of the structure of the molecule; used to try to understand the structure of DNA, yet it was unsuccessful

Question 5

ribose

Answer 5

RNA’s sugar

has a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the 2’ carbon atom

Question 6

deoxyribose

Answer 6

DNA’s sugar

has a hydrogen atom (-H) attached to the 2’ carbon atom

Question 7

nitrogenous base

Answer 7

second component of a nucleotide; there are two types: purine or pyrimidine

Question 8

purine

Answer 8

consists of a 6-sided ring attached to a 5-sided ring

adenine and guanine - they differ in the position of their double bans and in the groups attached to the 6-sided ring

Question 9

pyrimidine

Answer 9

consists of a 6 sided ring

thymine, uracil, and cytosine - differ in the groups or atoms attached to the carbon atoms of the ring and in the number of double bonds in the ring

thymine is only found in DNA and uracil is only found in RNA

Question 10

nucleoside

Answer 10

a deoxyribose or a ribose sugar and a base together

Question 11

phosphate group

Answer 11

third component of a nucleotide; consists of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; frequently carries a negative charge, always bonds to the 5’ carbon atom of the sugar in a nucleotide

Question 12

deoxyribonucleotides

Answer 12

the DNA nucleotides

Question 13

ribonucleotides

Answer 13

the RNA molecules

Question 14

phosphodiester linkages

Answer 14

strong covalent bonds which connects the 5’ phosphate group of one nucleotide to the 3’ carbon atom of the next nucleotide

Question 15

polynucleotide strand

Answer 15

a series of nucleotides connected by phosphodiester linkages

the backbone is compsed of alternating sugars and phosphates, the negative charges of the phosphate groups are neutralized by the association of proteins, metals, or other molecules

5’ end - phosphate group
3’ end - free OH- group

Question 16

antiparallel

Answer 16

run in opposite directions (5’ end is opposite the 3’ end)

Question 17

complementary DNA strands

Answer 17

the relation between the two nucleotide strands of DNA in which each purine on one strand pairs with a specific pyrimidine on the opposite strand

A pairs with T
C pairs with G

Question 18

transcription

Answer 18

process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template

Question 19

translation

Answer 19

process by which a protein is assembled from information contained in mRNA

Question 20

replication

Answer 20

process by which DNA is synthesized from a single-stranded nucleotide template

Question 21

central dogma

Answer 21

concept that genetic information passes from DNA –> RNA –> protein in a one-way information pathway