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2. PSC 101 Final Prep > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

congressional elections that do not coincide with a presidential election; also called off-year elections

A

midterm elections

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2
Q

elections held to select a party’s candidate for the general election

A

primary elections

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3
Q

a regularly scheduled election involving most districts in the nation or state, in which voters select officeholders; in the United States, these elections for national office and most state and local offices are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years (every four years for presidential elections)

A

general election

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4
Q

an election in which voters select candidates but only of the party in which they are enrolled

A

closed primary

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5
Q

a primary election in which the voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election

A

open primary

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6
Q

a type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate must receive a majority of all the votes cast in the relevant district

A

majority system

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7
Q

a “second-round” election in which voters choose between the top two candidates from the first round

A

runoff election

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8
Q

a type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate need only receive the most votes in the election, not necessarily a majority of the votes cast

A

plurality system

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9
Q

a multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote

A

proportional representation

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10
Q

selecting candidates from the same political party for all offices on the ballot

A

straight-ticket voting

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11
Q

the process of redrawing election districts; this happens every 10 years, to reflect shifts in population

A

redistricting

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12
Q

drawing legislative districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to a political party

A

gerrymandering

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13
Q

occurs when politicians from one party intentionally manipulate the boundaries for legislative election districts to disadvantage their political opponents’ chance of winning an election and advantage their own political party

A

partisan gerrymandering

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14
Q

an electoral district, such as a congressional district, in which the majority of the constituents belong to racial or ethnic minorities

A

majority-minority district

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15
Q

a style of campaigning where candidates connect to voters
face-to-face at
intimate gatherings,
rallies, town halls,
and local events

A

retail politics

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16
Q

the moving up of presidential primaries by states to provide those states greater influence on the selection of candidates

A

frontloading

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17
Q

a representative to national party conventions who votes according to the preferences of voters in caucus and primary elections

A

delegate

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18
Q

(in the Democratic Party) an unelected party member/leader who is free to support any candidate for the presidential nomination at the party’s national convention. They are only allowed to vote if no candidate has a majority after the first round of voting

A

superdelegate

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19
Q

a party document, written at a national convention, that
contains party
principles and policy positions

A

party platform

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20
Q

the presidential electors from each state who meet after the general election to cast ballots for president and vice president

A

electoral college

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21
Q

a proposed law or policy change that is placed on the ballot by citizens or interest groups for a popular vote

A

ballot initiative

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22
Q

the practice of referring a proposed law passed by a legislature to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection

A

referendum

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23
Q

a procedure to allow voters to remove state officials from office before their terms expire by circulating petitions to call a vote

A

recall

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24
Q

an effort by political candidates and their supporters to win the backing of donors, political activists, and voters in their quest for political office

A

campaign

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25
Q

a candidate running for re-election to a position that the candidate already holds

A

incumbent

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26
Q

political campaigns that operate at the local level, often using face-to-face communication to generate interest and momentum by citizens

A

grassroots campaigns

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27
Q

sending different campaign ads or messages to different demographic groups of voters and potential voters

A

micro-targeting

28
Q

a private group that raises and spends money for election campaigns but is not run by a party or an individual candidate.
Are administered by corporations, labor unions, membership groups, or trade associations. They can donate money to parties or candidates they support

A

political action committee (PAC)

29
Q

a nonprofit organization such as a political party, committee, or association that operates primarily to influence the election of candidates for public office. Many political action committees (PACs) and Super PAC groups are part of this committees

A

527 committee

30
Q

a political committee/organization that can solicit and spend unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute directly to a candidate campaign or political party. These committees are also called independent expenditure-only committees. Their activities cannot be coordinated with a candidate campaign

A

Super PAC

31
Q

politically active nonprofit social welfare groups; these nonprofits can spend unlimited amounts on
political campaigns and
not disclose their donors
so long as their activities
are not coordinated with
the candidate campaigns
and political activities are
not their primary purpose

A

dark money groups or 501(c)(4) committees

32
Q

voting based on the imagined future performance of a candidate or political party

A

prospective voting

33
Q

voting based on the past performance of a candidate or political party

A

retrospective voting

34
Q

congressional elections, midterm elections

A

every 2 years

35
Q

Negative campaign ads are more likely to address ———-, whereas positive campaign ads tend to focus on ————-.

A

Negative campaign ads are more likely to address policy positions, whereas positive campaign ads tend to focus on personal characteristics.

36
Q

Grassroots campaigns

A

local campaign, organizationally driven

37
Q

Statewide campaigns, some congressional races, and the presidential election are

A

mass media campaigns; media driven and money intensive.

38
Q

Which activities may be part of a campaign?

A

voter-mobilization drives
rallies
television advertisements
town halls

39
Q

-required for changes to state constitutions
-present in 50 states
-state legislature refers laws to voters for popular vote

A

referendum

40
Q

allows citizens to place proposed law directly on ballot
-are subject to judicial review

A

ballot initiative

41
Q

What are the steps in electing a president?

A

primaries and caucuses–> the convention–> general election–> electoral college –> inauguration

42
Q

In the 2022 midterm elections, Republicans took control of the ——————– by only a small margin and Democrats retained control of the ————-.

A

House, Senate

43
Q

Three factors that influence voters’ choices are

A

-partisan loyalty
-issues and policy preferences
-candidate characteristics

44
Q

also provides for funding of presidential campaigns, but is now rarely used

A

The Federal Election Campaign Act

45
Q

Certain outside groups that can raise and spend unlimited amounts of money for political campaigns

A

Super PACs and dark money groups

46
Q

Candidates can finance
their campaigns with
money from

A

individual donors,
political action committees(PACs)
, the national political parties,
and their own bank accounts.

47
Q

True or false: It is easier for incumbents rather than challengers to raise political funding

A

True
-Incumbents out-raise their opponents by significant amounts because most donations from businesses, interest groups, and political action committees (PACs) go to incumbents

48
Q

How districts are drawn every 10 years to reflect population changes (redistricting) can lead to

A

gerrymandering

49
Q

—— states have approved automatic voter registration (AVR), making voter registration “opt-out” instead of “opt-in”

A

Twenty-two

50
Q

The most expensive races in 2022 were for

A

the U.S. Senate

51
Q

True or False: Although Primary Elections often have lower turn out, some argue that party primaries are the most consequential elections in American politics

A

True

52
Q

Two types of general-election campaigns in the United States today are

A

grassroots campaigns and mass media campaigns

53
Q

A growing percentage of negative campaign ads are sponsored by

A

PACs and dark money groups, not by candidates

54
Q

What states have a disproportionate role in picking presidential candidates because they are the first states to cast votes?

A

Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada and South Carolina

55
Q

State legislative districts

A

vary from a few thousand people in some states to nearly a million in California.

56
Q

When the Consumer Confidence Index is greater than 100 prior to an election, Americans tend to

A

vote for the incumbent party’s presidential candidate.

57
Q

Which of these Progressive Era reforms were enacted to weaken the power of party leaders?

A

primary elections

58
Q

If a citizen votes for a Republican for president and a Democrat for senator, he or she has engaged in

A

split-ticket voting

59
Q

How common are primary elections?

A

The United States is one of the few nations in the world to hold primary elections.

60
Q

The average U.S. House district currently has roughly ________ people.

A

760,000

61
Q

A citizen can currently give no more than ________ per candidate for federal office per election in a given two-year election cycle.

A

$2900

62
Q

What did the Supreme Court mean by “one person, one vote”?

A

Within a state, electoral districts must have roughly equal populations.

63
Q

Both 527 committees and 501(c)(4)s

A

can spend unlimited amounts on political advocacy as long as their efforts are not coordinated with those of any candidate’s campaign.

64
Q

“King Caucus” refers to

A

the use of each party’s congressional caucus to nominate presidential candidates during the early nineteenth century.

65
Q

Why does frontloading in presidential nomination contests occur?

A

States wish to move their primaries or caucuses up in the calendar to give their citizens more say in who gets selected.

2. PSC 101 Final Prep (4 decks)

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