Chapter 10,12,13 // FINAL EXAM Flashcards
The first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception. The cell mass plants itself in the uterine wall and the placenta begins to form. The placenta is a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother.
Germinal Stage
The second stage of prenatal development from the 2 weeks till the end of the second month. During this stage, most of the vital organs and bodily systems begin to form, which is called an embryo. If anything interferes, with normal development during this phase, the effects can be devastating. (Most miscarriages occur)
Embryonic Stage
The third stage lasting from 2 months till birth. Hearing develops and there is rapid body growth. 23-25 weeks the fetus reaches the threshold of viability.
Fetal Stage
Stress and emotion can have an impact, with an association of increased stillbirths, slowed motor development,
Maternal Nutrition & Emotions
Fetal alcohol syndrome is a collection of congenital problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
Maternal Drug Use and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome `
Refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities. Infants walk a ton and children experience physical growth in spurts. The driving force behind motor development is that infants are exploring their world and need to master specific tasks.
Motor Development
Is development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint.
Maturation
Indicate the typical (median) age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities
Developmental Norms
Attachment refers to the close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers. The monkey chose the cloth mom rather than the feeding mom, and the idea was elaborated on by Bowlby that said there must be a biological basis for attachment.
Know and be able to cite both the methodology and the conclusions of Harry Harlow’s work with infant rhesus monkeys on attachment. Understand the importance of contact comfort between mother and child.
Is emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
Separation Anxiety
Children play and explore comfortably with their mother present and are upset by her departure
Secure Attachment
Is when children appear anxious when the mother is present, protest excessively when she leaves, but are not quite comfortable when she returns (also called resistant attachment)
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
Children seek little contact with their mothers
Avoidant Attachment
Attachment is a universal theme across cultures and secure attachment appears to be the predominant form of attachment
Be aware in cultural differences in these patterns of attachment.
Infants have a better receptive vocabulary meaning that they can comprehend more words spoken by others than produce their own words
Receptive vocabulary and Productive vocabulary
Vocab grows at a fast pace, and a vocabulary spurt usually begins at around 18 months
Vocabulary spurt
Is the process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure
Fast mapping
When a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than is meant to be. (occurs between ages 1 and 2.5)
Overextension
When a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to
Underextension
Consists mainly of content words; articles, prepositions and other less critical words are omitted
Telegraphic speech
Occurs when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply
Overregularization
Erikson believed that personality continues to evolve over the entire life span and is a discontinuous development idea (stages). A stage is a developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established.
Erikson divided life span into eight stages based on the principle that each stage brings a psychosocial crisis and personality is shaped by how we respond.
Understand that Erikson’s Theory of development is a series of psychosocial crises.
Don’t worry about the individual stages but do understand the implications of STAGE THEORY.
Cognitive development refers to transitions in youngsters’ patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving.
Piaget proposed four major stages: the sensorimotor period (birth to 2), the preoperational phase (2-7), the concrete operational period (7-11), and the formal operational stage (age 11 onward)
The sensorimotor period is where infants develop the ability to coordinate their sensory input with their motor actions. The major development is the gradual appearance of symbolic thought, and the key to this transition is the acquisition of the concept of object permanence, which develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible.
The preoperational period emphasizes the shortcomings in preoperational thought, where children have not yet mastered the principle of conservation. Conservation is Piaget’s term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance.
Centration is the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects,
Irreversibility is the inability to envision reversing an action.
Egocentrism in thinking is characterized by a limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint. A notable feature is animism, which is the belief that all things ae living
The concrete operational period is called concrete because children can perform operations only on tangible objects and actual events. Children can master reversibility and decentration, allowing the child to mentally undo an action and focus on more than one problem than once.
There is also the decline of egocentrism and gradual mastery of conservation and can handle hierarchical classification which are problems that require them to focus simultaneously on two levels of classification.
The formal operational period children begin to apply their operations to abstract concepts.
Know Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development very well. Pay attention to the terms in both bold print and italic.
Criticisms include the fact that Piaget underestimated young children’s cognitive development and that children often simultaneously display patterns of thinking that are characteristic of several stages.
Be aware of the criticisms of Piaget’s Theory