Chapter 10

Question 1

The process whereby a preexisting cell divides to form two new cells. Enables an organism to grow, reproduce, and repair damaged tissues and organs.

Answer 1

cell division

Question 2

An organism or cell with two copies of each type of chromosome in its nucleus.

Answer 2

diploid

Question 3

The two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell—one of the pair derives from the maternal parent and the other derives from the paternal parent. Homologous chromosomes have the same genes, in the same order, in their DNA.

Answer 3

homologous chromosomes

Question 4

An organism or cell with only one copy of of each type of chromosome in its nuclei.

Answer 4

haploid

Question 5

A complex of DNA and protein in a eukaryotic nucleus.

Answer 5

chromatin

Question 6

One of two exact copies of a chromosome duplicated during replication.

Answer 6

sister chromatids

Question 7

A specialized chromosomal region that connects sister chromatids and attaches them to the mitotic spindle.

Answer 7

centromere

Question 8

The chromosomes that result after sister chromatids separate.

Answer 8

daughter chromosomes

Question 9

The inhibition of movement or proliferation of normal cells that results from cell-cell contact.

Answer 9

contact inhibition

Question 10

A gene capable of inducing one or more characteristics of cancer cells.

Answer 10

oncogenes

Question 11

The process of splitting or dividing a prokaryotic cell into two parts.

Answer 11

binary fission

Question 12

Any mode of reproduction in which a single individual gives rise to offspring without fusion of gametes; that is, without input from another individual

Answer 12

sexual reproduction

Question 13

A haploid cell, an egg or sperm. Haploid cells fuse during sexual reproduction to form a diploid zygote.

Answer 13

gametes

Question 14

The division of diploid cells to haploid progeny, consisting of two sequential rounds of nuclear and cellular division.

Answer 14

meiosis

Question 15

Any of the cells of an organism’s body other than reproductive cells.

Answer 15

somatic cells

Question 16

The fusion of the nuclei of an egg and sperm cell, which initiates development of a new individual.

Answer 16

fertilization

Question 17

A fertilized egg.

Answer 17

zygote

Question 18

One of two or more versions of a gene.

Answer 18

alleles

Question 19

The failure of homologous pairs to separate during the first meiotic division or of chromatids to separate during the second meiotic division.

Answer 19

nondisjunction

Question 20

Chromosomes that are different in male and female individuals of the same species.

Answer 20

sex chromosomes

Question 21

The recombination process in meiosis, in which chromatids exchange segments.

Answer 21

crossing-over

Question 22

Mendel’s principal that the alleles of the genes that govern two characters assort independently during formation of gametes. Mechanistically this is the case because any combination of chromosomes may be segregated to the spindle poles during meiosis I.

Answer 22

independent assortment