chapter 10 Flashcards
Alzheimer’s Disease:
Brain disorder marked by deterioration of mental capacity
Cerebrovascular Accident:
Damage to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, leading to loss of
blood supply to brain tissue; a stroke
Concussion:
Blunt injury to the brain severe enough to cause loss of
consciousness
Epilepsy:
• Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
Glioblastoma:
• Malignant brain tumour arising from glial cells.
Hemiplasia:
•
• Paralysis that affects the right or left half of the body
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges (membranes surrounding the
brain and spinal cord)
Multiple Sclerosis:
• Destruction of the myelin sheath on the nerve cells in the
central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), with
replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue
Paraplegia:
•
Paralysis that affects the lower portion of the body
Syncope:
•
Fainting; sudden and temporary loss of consciousness as a
result of inadequate flow of blood to the brain
Lumbar Puncture:
•
Pressure of CSF is measured and contrast may be
injected for imaging after removal of CSF from a space
between the lumbar vertebrae. An LP or spinal tap
also provides a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for
analysis
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis:
•
Chemical tests (for Na, Cl, protein, and glucose), cell
counts, cultures and bacterial smears on samples of
CSF to detect diseases of the brain or meninges
Cerebral Angiography:
•
X-ray imaging of the blood vessels in the brain after the
injection of contrast material into an artery
CT Scan:
•
Of the brain and spinal cord with or without contrast
MRI:
•
Images of the brain and spinal cord through radiofrequency
waves
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan:
•
Radioactive material into the brain shows how the brain uses
glucose and gives information about the brain function
AD:
Alzheimer disease
CNS:
Central Nervous System
CSF:
Cerebrospinal Fluid
CVA:
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
EEG:
Electroencephalography
LP:
Lumbar puncture
MS: Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis
TIA: Transient Ischemic Attack (temporary
interference with blood supply to the brain)
Transient Ischemic Attack (temporary
interference with blood supply to the brain)
Aneurysm:
•
Local widening of an artery caused by weakness in the arterial
wall or breakdown of the wall from atherosclerosis
Angina:
• Chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to heart muscle
Arrhythmia:
•
Abnormal heartbeat (rhythm)
Atherosclerosis:
•
Hardening of arteries with a collection of cholesterol-like
plaque
Congestive Heart Failure:
• Inability of the heart to pump its required amount of blood.
Blood accumulates in the lungs, causing PULMONARY EDEMA
Hypertension:
High blood pressure. Essential hypertension is high blood
pressure with no apparent cause. In secondary
hypertension, another illness (kidney disease or adrenal
gland disorder) is the cause of high blood pressure
Myocardial Infarction:
• Heart attack. Infarction is an area of dead (necrotic) tissue
shock
A group of signs and symptoms indicating poor oxygen
supply to tissues and insufficient return of blood to the
heart
• Cardiac Enzyme Tests:
Measurements of enzymes released into the
bloodstream after a heart attack. Troponin is the
enzyme (CTNI).
Lipid Tests:
Measurements of cholesterol and triglyceride levels
in the blood
Lipoprotein Tests:
Measurements of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Angiography:
Recording blood vessels after the injection of contrast into
the bloodstream.
Cardiac Catheterization:
• Introducing a catheter into a vein or artery to measure
pressure and flow patterns of blood
Doppler Ultrasound
Measuring blood flow in vessels via sound waves
Echocardiography:
• Producing images of the heart via sound waves or echoes
Electrocardiography:
Recording electricity flowing through the heart
Holter Monitoring:
Detection of abnormal heart rhythms that involves having
a patient wear compact version of an electrocardiograph
for 24 hours
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
Producing an image, by beaming magnetic waves at the
heart, that gives detailed information
MUGA Scan:
Imaging the motion of heart wall muscles and assessing
the function of the heart via a multiple-gated acquisition
scan, which uses radioactive chemicals
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan:
Radioactive chemicals, which release radioactive particles, are
injected into the bloodstream and travel to the heart
Stress Test:
An ECG plus blood pressure and heart rate measurements
show the heart’s response to physical exertion (treadmill test)
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi Scan
A radioactive chemical is injected intravenously and shows
perfusion (flow) of blood in heart muscle
Thallium Scan:
Radioactive test that shows where injected thallium-201
localizes in heart muscles
acs
Acute coronary syndromes (lead to plaque/clot
formation and heart attack)
ami
Acute myocardial infarction
BP
blood pressure
CABG:
Coronary artery bypass grafting (surgical
placement of vessels, either vein or artery, to
detour blocked coronary arteries)
CAD:
Coronary artery disease
CCU
Coronary care unit
CHF
Congestive heart failure
ECG
: Electrocardiography
ECHO
Echocardiography
HTN
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
PCI
Percutaneous coronary intervention
(placement of a catheter and stent in a coronary
artery to open the artery; balloon angioplasty)
Asphyxia
Extreme decrease in the amount of oxygen in the body with
increase of CO2 leads to loss of consciousness or death
• Asthma:
Spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to bronchial airway
obstruction
Atelectasis:
Collapsed lung
Emphysema:
Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls.
Along with chronic bronchitis and asthma, emphysema is a type
of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Hemoptysis:
• Spitting up of blood
Hemothorax:
Blood in the pleural cavity
Pneumoconiosis:
Abnormal condition of dust in the lungs
Tuberculosis:
An infectious disease caused by bacteria (bacilli).
The lungs and other organs are affected.
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs):
Measurement of ventilation (breathing capability) of the
lungs. Spirometer is the instrument used to measure the
air taken into and breathed out of the lungs
Sputum Test:
• An expelled or expectorated sputum specimen is
provided by a patient coughing and the specimen is
analyzed for bacterial content.
Tuberculin Test:
Agent is injected just under the skin and is monitored for
a reaction. Redness and swelling result in people
sensitive to the test substance and indicate previous or
current infection with tuberculosis.
Bronchoscopy:
Visual examination of the bronchial tubes with an
endoscope
Chest X-Ray Film:
X-ray image of the chest in the AP(anterposterior), PA
(posteroanterior), and lateral side views
CT Scan:
• Images of the chest
Laryngoscopy:
Visual examination of the larynx via the placement of a flexible tube (laryngoscope) through the nose or mouth and into the larynx
MRI:
Images of the chest
Pulmonary angiography:
X-ray images taken of blood vessels in the lung after an
injection of contrast material. A pulmonary embolism
can be located with this procedure
Pulmonary ventilation-perfusion scans:
Procedures that show air flow (ventilation) and blood
supply (perfusion) to the lungs via the distribution of
radioactive material in the lung tissue after the
radioactive material is intravenously injected or is
inhaled
CO2:
Carbon dioxide (gas expelled from the lungs)
COPD:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis
or emphysema)
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CXR
Chest x-ray
O2:
Oxygen (gas entering the bloodstream through the lungs)
PE
: Pulmonary embolism
PFTs
Pulmonary function tests
SOB:
Shortness of breath
URI:
Upper respiratory infection
VATS:
Video-assisted thoracic surgery (using small incisions and
endoscope)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS):
Suppression or deficiency of the immune response (destruction of lymphocytes) caused by exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV
Lymphoma:
Malignant tumour of lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue.
Hodgkin disease is an example of lymphoma
Mononucleosis:
Acute infections disease with enlargement of lymph nodes
Sarcoidosis:
Inflammatory disease in which small nodules, or tubercles, form
in lymph nodes and other organs
CT Scan:
• Of the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen,
and thymus gland
ELISA:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, to screen for
antibodies for HIV, which causes AIDS
Western Blot Test:
A blood test to detect the presence of antibodies
to specific antigens such as HIV. This test is more
precise than the ELISA test.
AIDS:
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ELISA:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (test to detect
anti-HIV)
HAART:
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (for AIDS)
HD:
Hodgkin disease
HIV:
Human immunodeficiency virus
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
immunoglobulins(antibodies)
MAC:
Mycobacterium avium complex (a group of pathogens
that cause lung disease in patients with depressed immune
systems)
PCP:
Pneumocystis pneumonia (opportunistic infection seen in patients with AIDS)
nerve cells
The basic unit of communication in the nervous system is the nerve cell (neuron).
