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Broadcasting in the Public Interest > Chapter 10-11 MIDTERM > Flashcards

Chapter 10-11 MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first media organization to adopt a formal code of ethics?

A

American Society of Newspaper Editors

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2
Q

What was the data for the first National Association Broadcasters code for broadcasting?

A

1929

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3
Q

What is the most influential citizen’s group in TV history?

A

Action for Children’s Television

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4
Q

What does an increase in self regulation mean?

A

More decisions are being left to the discretion of broadcasters and program producers

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5
Q

What are codes?

A

Written statements of principle guiding behavior

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6
Q

What is the NAB and what does it’s code cover?

A

National Association of Broadcasters, covers programming and advertising.

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7
Q

What does the Radio & Television News Directors Association (RTDNA) cover?

A

Ranges from courtroom coverage to privacy invasions

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8
Q

What does the code for the Society of Professional Journalists cover?

A

Objectivity and press responsibility

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9
Q

What does the code for the American Advertising Federation cover?

A

Truthfulness in advertising

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10
Q

What event happened in 2004 that caused the NAB to form a task force?

A

Janet Jackson wardrobe malfunction

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11
Q

What would happen without codes?

A

Management must be sensitive to political, social and economic sensibilities of community
Stations would develop own policy guidelines

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12
Q

Advantages to codes

A

Public & employees are made aware of specific policies

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13
Q

Disadvantages to codes

A

Codes can be used in courts against station

Need to be worded vaguely to represent entire organization, not good for day-to-day

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14
Q

What did the Standards and Practices Department do before 1970

A

Made sure that programs and commercials didn’t offend advertisers, audience, etc.

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15
Q

What was invented that passed some of the responsibility of the Standards and Practices Department to the public?

A

V-Chip

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16
Q

What four factors does the acceptability of TV/radio messages depend on?

A

Size of the market
The time period
The station’s audience
The type of content involved

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17
Q

What is the V-Chip a blend of and what are the audience ratings?

A 
Blend of legal regulation and self-regulation
TV-Y
TV-Y7
TV-G
TV-PG
TV-14
TV-M
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18
Q

What are the content labels on the V-chip?

A 
FV-Fantasy Violence
D-Suggestive Dialog
L-Coarse Language
S-Sexual Situations
V-Violence
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19
Q

What are some examples of Industry/Trade organizations and what do they give you?

A

NAB, NCTA, NAD

They offer research and technical advice

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20
Q

What are the three primary areas of concern that Citizens’ Groups have?

A

Concern over portrayal of minorities
Presentation of sex and violence
Children’s Programming

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21
Q

What are three effects of Citizens Groups on Children’s TV?

A

Increase sensitivity of programmers towards offensive material
Restrics creative freedom of writers
Producers walk think line between alternatives

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22
Q

What is the teleological theory?

A

Measures rightness/wrongness of actions in terms of consequences
Example: (Is it wrong to show violence when kids are watching b/c kids may hurt other people)
Example: (Is is wrong form journalists to accept gifts from sources because it hurts credibility)

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23
Q

What is the deontological Theory?

A

Not concerned with consequences, deals with duties that are morally required of all
Doesn’t matter if the consequences of lying are beneficial.

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24
Q

Whic theory does Utilitariasm fall under and what does it mean?

A

Teleological Theory. Person act such that it produces greatest ratio of good over evil, most good and/or the least harm for the fewest number

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25
Q

What theory does Egoism fall under and what does it mean?

A

Teleological Theory. Act in a way that is best for you, do not sacrifice yourself to others

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26
Q

What theory does Categorical Imperative fall under and what does it mean?

A

Deontological Theory. Duty governs decisions–not consequences, act only on principles you’d want to be universal law

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27
Q

What theory does the Golden Mean fall under and what does it mean?

A

Deontological Theory. Thics theory grounded in natural law, moderation, temperance, equilibrium, and harmony. Search for the extremes–find the golden mean within. Example: Health-violating restaurant is taken to task, but the story notes it is only the first such violation

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28
Q

Who was appointed chair of the FCC in 2009 by President Barack Obama?

A

Julius Genachowski

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29
Q

What is the scarcity theory of regulation?

A

Recognizes that the electromagnetic spectrum is a limited resource.
Recognizes that the spectrum is a public resource.

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30
Q

What led to the creation of the Radio Act of 1927?

A

Number of broadcast stations was greatly increasing and not enough space on spectrum to accommodate growing popularity

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31
Q

What was one of the biggest provisions of the Radio Act of 1927 involving the government?

A

Prohibition against government censorship in broadcast programs

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32
Q

What does the

FRC stand for?

A

Federal Radio Commission

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33
Q

What did the technical standards placed early on by the FRC do?

A

Eliminated the interference problem that the growing number of stations were encountering

34
Q

What are the seven FCC Bureaus?

A 
Consumer Government Affairs Bureau
Enforcement Bureau
International Bureau
Wireless Telecommunications Bureau
Wireless Competition Bureau
Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau
Media Bureau
35
Q

What does the Consumer and Government Affairs Bureau do?

A

Informs consumer about telecommunications goods and services

36
Q

What does the Enforcement Bureau do?

A

Upholds rules and regulations of the FCC

37
Q

What does the International Bureau do

A

Represents FCC in matters involving U.S. and other countries

38
Q

What does the Wireless Competition Bureau do?

A

Regulates telephone companies

39
Q

What does the Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau do?

A

Responsible for agency’s policies pertaining to public safety communication issues

40
Q

What does the Media Bureau do?

A

Oversees AM and FM radio, broadcast TV, cable, and satellite services

41
Q

What is the role of the federal judiciary in regulatory dynamic?

A

Decisions they make can ease access into regulatory process or make it harder. Can decide fate of group or individual

42
Q

How does the White House impact regulatory dynamic?

A

President has power to appoint both FCC commissioners and judges
White House has its own agency that specializes in telecommunications
Various number of cabinet offices that can influence policy

43
Q

How long is the license terms for TV and radio stations?

A

8 years?

44
Q

How many commissioners are in the FCC?

A

5

45
Q

How many bureaus does the FCC have?

A

7

46
Q

What is the pervasive presence theory?

A

TV and radio are potentially intrusive so public is entitled to protection from unwanted/offensive messages

47
Q

What did the Wireless Ship Act of 1910 do?

A

Large at-sea vessels must be equipped with wireless sets

48
Q

What did the Radio Act of 1912 do?

A

Post Titanic, radio operators had to get license and assigned frequencies and hours of operation

49
Q

What act created the FRC?

A

Radio Act of 1927

50
Q

What did the Communications Act of 1934 accomplish?

A

Expanded FRC from 5 to 7 members
Renamed the “Federal Communications Commision”
Includes wireless and telephone

51
Q

What are the four bona fide exceptions

A

News broadcast
News Interviews
News documentaries
Live coverage of on-the-spot news

52
Q

Why did the FCC refuse to regulate cable in the 50s?

A

Lack of on-air use, cable didn’t use over the air frequencies

53
Q

What were problems with the beginning of cable regulation in the 70s

A

Local regulations differ by locale, if cable company owned 20 cable systems it would be faced with 20 different sets of local rules

54
Q

What did the Telecommunications Act of 1996 do?

A

Intent: Create competition between cable and phone companies
Removed limits on # of radio stations one could own
Created 8-year license renewals for radio and TV
Required TV sets to carry the “V-Chip” parental access control

55
Q

How many is the max number of commissioners that can be from one political party

A

3

56
Q

What does Congress do in terms of regulatory forces?

A

Created FCC, create new regulatory legislation

57
Q

What do industry lobbyists do that affects regulation?

A

Help lawmakers learn impact of legislation on society

Express views to FCC, Congress, Courts and the White House

58
Q

What can the public do to affect regulation?

A

Citizen groups (Center for Media Education, Media Access Project) use votes to elect president and members of Congress that have their views

59
Q

How does the marketplace affect regulation?

A

People will stop going to sources that they don’t trust

60
Q

What are the qualifications for someone to pass before the FCC grants them a license?

A

U.S. citizen, free from foreign control, must report all felonious, must show financial technical strengths

61
Q

Does the FCC license cable systems?

A

No

62
Q

What did the Children’s Television Act of 1990 do?

A

Compelled TV stations to meet info and educational needs of children
Required minimum of 3 hours per week

63
Q

When looking at copyright fiar use law suits what do the courts look at?

A

Purpose of the use
Nature of the work being used
Amount used in relation to size of full body of work
Impact of use on the market for content

64
Q

Can the Copyright Office give you permission?

A

No

65
Q

Where can you get permission to use copyrighted work?

A

The owner

66
Q

What happens when a licensing firm grants blanket rights?

A

Gives stations performance rights to agency’s entire music catalog

67
Q

What does the Digital Millennium Copyright Act do?

A

Makes it unlawful to circumvent measures used to control access to copyrighted works
Protects internet service providers against copyright infringement liability

68
Q

Who did RIAA file a suit against?

A

Napster, sued several hundred individuals who illegally downloaded thousands of songs

69
Q

What did the Cable Act of 1984 do?

A

Ban transmissions of obscene material

70
Q

Which is protected by the FCC? Indecency or Obscenity?

A

Indecency

71
Q

What must constitute Obscenity?

A

Average person must find material as a whole appeals to prurient interest
Material depicts/describes patently offensive way sexual conduct

72
Q

How much has Howard Stern been fined?

A

$2 million

73
Q

What did the Cable Act of 1984 do in terms of obscenity and indecent material?

A

Differentiated between obscene and indecent material, allowed regulation of obscene

74
Q

What is slander?

A

Spoken words?

75
Q

What is libel?

A

Stated in a tangible medium (written)

76
Q

What is treated more seriously, slander or libel?

A

Libel because of wider circulation

77
Q

What must the plantiff prove to win a libel/slander case?

A 
Statements defamed plantiff
Statement was broadcast
Plantiff was identified in broadcast
Organization show degree of fault or carelessness
Statement proven to be false
78
Q

When did the controversy of cameras in the courtroom begin?

A

1932, kidnap and murder trial of Charles Lindbergh’s infant son
Cameras are still not allowed in federal district/ Supreme courts

79
Q

What commission branch controls deceptive advertising?

A

Federal Trade Commission

80
Q

What is “puffery” in advertising

A

Reasonable exaggeration in advertising

81
Q

What do current regulations require drug ads to do?

A

Contain information about drugs’ safety and side effects

Broadcasting in the Public Interest (3 decks)

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