CHAPTER 10 + 11

Question 1

What is an Independent Variable?

Answer 1

controlled by researcher

Question 2

what is Dependent Variable?

Answer 2

variable measured

Question 3

What is Control Variable?

Answer 3

variable held constant

Question 4

What is the DV and IV: A psychologist is studying the impact of sleep duration on mood. Participants are randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group A (4 hours of sleep), Group B (8 hours of sleep), and Group C (12 hours of sleep). After one week, participants rate their overall mood on a scale from 1 to 10.

Answer 4

DV: MOOD IV: HOURS OF SLEEP

Question 5

What is a true experiment?

Answer 5

Independent variables are controlled
by the researcher where PPS are randomly assigned to groups

Question 6

What is a Quasi-Experiment?

Answer 6

Comparison groups are not formed
by the researcher and therefore are not under the
control of the researcher, random assignment not always possible or ethical (male/female)

Question 7

What can you expect if you randomly assign participants to groups?

Answer 7

individual differences are evenly
spread out across conditions

Question 8

What is Covariance?

Answer 8

causal variable related to
the effect variable, needs comparison group, includes two IV’S (compare and control)

Question 9

How do Experiments Support Causal Claims?

Answer 9

Covariance/Temporal Precedence/Internal Validity

Question 10

Internal Validity

Answer 10

results from our manipulation

Question 11

what is Extraneous variables?

Answer 11

additional factors in a research study that are not the main variables under investigation

Question 12

what is a confounding variable?

Answer 12

extraneous factors that consistently vary alongside the independent variable in a research study.

Question 13

what is selection effect

Answer 13

difference in characteristics or qualities in PPS being compared

Question 14

what is a design confound?

Answer 14

mistake in designing study

Question 15

How to avoid confounding variables?

Answer 15

Keep things constant, random assignment

Question 16

4 ways to Carry out an Experiment with Participants

Answer 16

Independent groups design/Within-groups design/Matched Groups Design/Mixed Design

Question 17

what is Independent Groups Design?

Answer 17

Participants only take part in only one condition of the experiment

Question 18

what is Within-Groups Design?

Answer 18

Participants take part in all conditions
(repeated measures or concurrent measures)

Question 19

Advantages of Within-Participants Design

Answer 19

Less concern over individual differences/fewer participants

Question 20

Disadvantages of within-groups design

Answer 20

Practice Effects/Fatigue or Boredom/Carryover Effects/need to counterbalance

Question 21

what is Matched Groups Design

Answer 21

Participants are matched in each condition for characteristics that
may have an effect on their performance/reaction

Question 22

what is Mixed Design

Answer 22

looks at one or more things between different groups of people (like giving them different treatments), and at the same time, it looks at something within the same people (like measuring their performance multiple times)

Question 23

Alex is wondering how a training class
for expectant mothers affects their
confidence in caring for their new baby
once they have given birth. What kind
of design might Alex use to research
this topic? Is there anything Alex should
be careful about when using this
design?

Answer 23

Matched, based on experience.age.support

Question 24

In an experimental study on gender bias in hiring, after being
presented with the stimulus materials, participants were able to
determine the purpose of the study. This problem is an
example of

Answer 24

demand characteristic

Question 25

A friend of yours, a senior, took the Graduate Record Exam in
September and scored in the 99th percentile. In February, your
friend took the same exam over again. This time your friend
scored in the 84th percentile. As a research methods student,
you told your friend that his/her lowered score was most likely
due to

Answer 25

Statistical regression

Question 26

A researcher pretests a group of participants to determine
their attitudes toward the use of alternative energy sources to
replace crude oil. The researcher then initiates a program to
convince them that they should invest in such alternatives.
During this time, the price of gasoline rises $.50 per gallon. At
the end of the program, the researcher retests and finds that
the participants are much more positive in their attitudes. What
threat to internal validity most likely accounts for this change?

Answer 26

History