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maths edexcel a level > chapter 1 year 1 stats > Flashcards

chapter 1 year 1 stats Flashcards

1
Q

what is population

A
  • set of items that are of interest
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2
Q

what is a census

A
  • measures/observes every member of a population (data collected from entire population)
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3
Q

advantages of census

A
  • accurate result
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4
Q

disadvantages of census

A
  • expensive
  • time consuming (hard to process large quantity of data)
  • testing may destroy items
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5
Q

what is a sampling unit

A
  • each individual thing that can be sampled in a population
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6
Q

what is a sampling frame

A
  • sampling units of a population are individually named/numbered to form list (sampling frame)
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7
Q

what is a sample

A
  • some subset of the population intended to estimate info about/represent population as a whole
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8
Q

generally the larger the sample…

A
  • the more accurate it is
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9
Q

advantages of sample

A
  • cheaper
  • quicker
  • less time to process
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10
Q

disadvantages of sample

A
  • data less accurate
  • sample may not be large enough to give info about sub groups of population
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11
Q

what is simple random sampling

A
  • each sampling unit in sampling frame has equal chance of being selected.
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12
Q

how is simple random sampling carried out

A
  • selecting members involved assigning numbers to all of them and either generating numbers at random to choose or use lottery sampling
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13
Q

what is lottery sampling

A
  • members of a sampling frame are written on card and put in a hat to generate members picked
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14
Q

advantages of simple random sampling

A
  • bias free
  • easy and cheap to implement
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15
Q

disadvantages of simple random sampling

A
  • require a sampling frame
  • not suitable for large population or sample size
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16
Q

what is systematic sampling

A
  • members are chosen at regular intervals from an ordered list (periodic nature)
  • you take every k ᵗʰ unit, k = pop/sam
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17
Q

how do you start systematic sampling

A
  • pick a random number between 1 and k for start point
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18
Q

advantages of systematic sampling

A
  • simple + quick to use
  • suitable for large samples and populations
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19
Q

disadvantages of systematic sampling

A
  • requires sampling frame
  • possible bias as units don’t have equal chance of selection if sampling frame not random
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20
Q

what is stratified sampling

A
  • population divided into groups (mutually exclusive strata) and a simple random sample is taken from each.
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21
Q

what does a sample represent in stratified sampling

A

group/strata of a population

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22
Q

how to do stratified sampling (work out number sampled in a stratum)

A

number in stratum/population x overall sample size

within this pick randomly

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23
Q

advantages of stratified sampling

A
  • sample accurately reflects population
  • guarantees proportional representation of groups
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24
Q

disadvantages of stratified sampling

A
  • population must be classified in stratas (can be time consuming)
  • selection within a group has same issues as simple random sampling
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25
Q

give the 2 methods of non random sampling

A
  • quota sampling
  • opportunity sampling
26
Q

what is quota sampling.

A
  • an interviewer/researcher selects a sample that reflects characteristics of group/whole population as quota of items/people in each group is set
27
Q

how can we carry out quota sampling

A
  1. Divide population into groups according to given characteristics.
  2. The size of each group
    determines the proportion of the sample that should have that characteristic.
  3. The interviewer
    should assess which group people fall into, as part of the interview. Once a quota has been filled,
    no more people in that group are interviewed.
28
Q

what is quota sampling similar to. why are they different though

A
  • stratified sampling
  • quota sampling doesn’t have random sampling aspect and instead interviewer selects the actual sampling units by actively choosing people within group via suitable means (e.g. advertising) until quota for each group is filled
29
Q

what does the word quota mean

A
  • a fixed share/number of something
30
Q

advantages of quota sampling

A
  • quick, easy and inexpensive
    -allows small sample to represent population
  • no sampling frame required
  • allows for easy comparison between different groups within a population
31
Q

disadvantage of quota sampling

A
  • non random sampling can introduce bias
  • population must be divided into groups (costly/inaccurate)
  • increasing scope of study increases number of groups (adds time and expense)
  • non-responses are not recorded (not willing to take part)
32
Q

what is opportunity sampling

A
  • sample is taken from people available at the time and who fit the criteria needed
33
Q

what is opportunity sampling also known as

A
  • convenience sampling
34
Q

how can we carry out opportunity sampling

A
  • interviewer selects actual sampling units according to set criteria
  • they only sample people who are available at the time the study is carried out
35
Q

advantages of opportunity sampling

A
  • easy/cheap
36
Q

disadvantages of opportunity sampling

A
  • unlikely to provide representative sample (unlikely to reflect the characteristics of the whole population)
  • highly dependent on individual researcher
37
Q

what is qualitative data

A
  • non numerical data
38
Q

what is quantitative data

A
  • numerical data which is either discrete or continuous
39
Q

what is discrete data

A
  • specific values in a given range
40
Q

what is continuous data

A
  • any value in a given range
41
Q

when data is presented in a group frequency table, what are the groups called

A
  • classes
42
Q

what are class boundaries

A
  • maximum and minimum values that belong in each class
43
Q

what is the midpoint in grouped frequency table

A
  • average of class boundaries
44
Q

what is the class width

A
  • difference between the upper and lower class boundaries
45
Q

what 5 UK locations are included in data set

A
  • Camborne
  • Heathrow
  • Hurn
  • Leeming
  • Leuchars
46
Q

where is camborne

A
  • cornwall
47
Q

what do i have to know about heathrow

A
  • 2nd busiest airport in the world
48
Q

where is hurn

A
  • south coast of england
49
Q

where is leeming

A
  • location of RAF base in Yorkshire
50
Q

where is leuchars

A
  • scotland
51
Q

where is beijing

A
  • capital of china
52
Q

where is Jacksonville

A
  • Florida USA
53
Q

where is perth

A
  • Australia
54
Q

what 3 overseas locations are included in data set

A
  • Beijing
  • Jacksonville
  • Perth
55
Q

how many weather conditions do you need to know

A
  • 11
56
Q

what month period do i have to know

A
  • 6 month period between May to Oct
57
Q

what 2 years do i have to know

A
  • 2015 and 1987
58
Q

why is 1987 important

A

year of the great storm 15th/16th october

59
Q

what are 11 weather conditions

A
  • temperature
  • rainfall
  • sunshine
  • windspeed
  • gust
  • humidity
  • cloud
  • visibility
  • pressure
  • wind direction
  • gust direction
60
Q

ADD TO THIS (WHAT IS EACH ONE AND MEASUREMENT)

A

maths edexcel a level (4 decks)

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