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HSP > Chapter 1: What is social science? > Flashcards

Chapter 1: What is social science? Flashcards

1
Q

What is sociology?

A

Sociology is the scientific study of how people interact and influence each other socially (human social behavior) from individual, small groups up to entire societies.

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2
Q

What is culture?

A

A system of ideas, values, behaviors, and attitudes commonly shared by most members of a society which distinguishes one group from another. Culture is made up of what people do, what people make, and what people believe.

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3
Q

What is subculture?

A

Subculture is a small group within a larger group who shares a common system of beliefs, values, attitudes, behaviors, and lifestyles distinct from those of the larger group.

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4
Q

What is anthropology?

A

Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, including their origins; behavior; and also as members of different cultures.

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5
Q

What is physical anthropology?

A

Explores how humans evolved and how individuals develop physically over time.

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6
Q

What is cultural anthropology?

A

The study of how culture influences human interaction.

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7
Q

What is psychology?

A

The scientific study of the human mind and mental states to explain human behavior; focuses on people’s thought processes and behavior.

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8
Q

What is theoretical psychology?

A

Explores general rules that influence human thought and behavior. They observe actions and theorize the mental processes that led to them.

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9
Q

What is clinical psychology

A

The study of behaviour and emotion to help treat psychological suffering.

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10
Q

What are the social science research methods?

A

The social science research methods is case studies, unstructured observations, structured observations, participant observations, questionnaires/surveys, field experiments, and experiments.

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11
Q

What is a case study?

A

An intense, in-depth investigation of one participant. A good starting point for generating research questions.

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12
Q

What is an unstructured observation?

A

Involves studying people without a predetermined idea of what to look for.

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13
Q

What is a structured observation?

A

Involves planning beforehand what will be observed and noted, and keeping a list of things to look for.

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14
Q

What is participant observation?

A

A researcher who not only observes the group but also participates in the group’s activities.

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15
Q

What is the problem with participant observation?

A

It is highly subjective, which means that a researcher’s point of view and cultural background can shape his or her conclusions. Can cause the researcher to lose objectivity and may lead to bias.

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16
Q

What is a questionnare/survey?

A

A set of questions given to a sample/large group of people.

17
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

An experiment conducted in a setting more natural than a lab.

18
Q

What is an experiment?

A

The only method which is able to demonstrate/uncover a cause and effect relationship between two variables (the independent and dependent variables).

19
Q

What are the general ethical guidelines in research?

A

Protection, informed consent, privacy, debriefing, and approval.

20
Q

What is the ethical guideline: Protection?

A

Participants are to be protected from pain (physical and psychological).

21
Q

What is the ethical guideline: Informed Consent?

A

Participants are to be made aware of the purpose of the research including the procedures and risks associated with participation. Participants must be informed that withdrawal from participation, at any time, for any reason, is permissible without consequence.

22
Q

What is the ethical guideline: Privacy?

A

individual privacy is to be protected.

23
Q

What is the ethical guideline: Debriefing?

A

If the use of deception is necessary, participants must be informed of the real nature of the research immediately following their participation.

24
Q

What is the ethical guideline: Approval?

A

All experiments involving humans must be reviewed by an independent panel to ensure the potential benefits of the experiment outweigh the risks.

25
Q

What does the Stanford Prison Experiment show?

A

It shows us that people are capable of acting in ways that vary from their usual behavior based on their role in an artificially created situation.

26
Q

What is Paleoanthropology?

A

The study of bone and stone remains of our ancestors from millions of years ago.

27
Q

What is Primatology?

A

The study of primates

28
Q

What is human variation?

A

The study of the physical differences and similarities of existing human populations.

29
Q

What is ethnology?

A

The study of the origins and cultures of different races and people. Ethnologists immerse themselves in a culture, learning their language, and participating in their society.

30
Q

What is linguistics?

A

The study of the history and structure of language, and the ways humans use language.

31
Q

What is historical linguistics?

A

To compare the similarities and differences of language structures so they can understand how languages are related and how people migrated in the past.

32
Q

What is structural linguistics?

A

The study of how sounds are put together to make meaning.

33
Q

What is Sociolinguistics?

A

The study of how people use language (body and words) within their culture to express status and context.

34
Q

What is archeology?

A

The study of the physical remains of a past culture through excavation and reconstruction.

35
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

An anthropologist cannot compare two cultures because each culture has its own internal rules that must be accepted. To understand cultures on their own terms and avoid snap judgments about other practices.

36
Q

What is functional theory?

A

Every belief, action, or relationship in a culture functions to meet the needs of individuals.

37
Q

What is cultural materialism?

A

Materials or conditions within the environment influence how a culture develops, creating the ideas and ideology of a culture. Believed that society develops on a trial-and-error basis. If something is not of value to a society’s ability to produce or reproduce, then it will disappear from society altogether.

38
Q

What is feminist anthropology?

A

Women’s voices should be brought to the forefront of study. Issues of gender are culturally constructed (created by a culture) and determined within a culture; gender relationships. Women have lost their voice because of male domination of the past.

39
Q

What is postmodernism?

A

the belief that it is impossible to have any “true” knowledge about the world. Postmodernism rejects the idea of objective truth. What we “know” about the world is our own construction, created by society.

HSP (2 decks)

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