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Psychology 1000 > Chapter 1: What is Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: What is Psychology Flashcards

Chapter 2: Psychology's Scientific Method Chapter 3: Biological Foundations of Behavior Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Chapter 6: Learning Chapter 7: Memory Chapter 5: States of Consciousness

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1
Q

CHAPTER 2: PSYCHOLOGY’S SCIENTIFIC METHOD

A

CHAPTER 2: PSYCHOLOGY’S SCIENTIFIC METHOD

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2
Q

what is science

A

science is a method. it’s not what you study, but how you study it

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3
Q

what are scientists purpose

A

theorize to explain the world

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4
Q

theory

A

a system of ideas that attempts to explain observations and make predictions about future observations

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5
Q

scientific method

A

how theories are rejected, or supported, or refined

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6
Q

scientific method

A 
observe
hypothesize
test
conclusions
evaluate
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7
Q

step 1: observe

A

observe some phenomenon:
curiosity & critical thinking
formulate or challenge a theory

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8
Q

step 2: hypothesize

A

formulate hypotheses and predictions:
testable prediction
derived from theory

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9
Q

step 3: test

A

test through empirical research:
operational definition of variables
analyze data using statistical procedures

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10
Q

step 4: conclusions

A

draw conclusions:
replication of results
reliability

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11
Q

step 5: evaluate

A

evaluate the theory:
change the theory
peer review and publication
meta-analysis

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12
Q

descriptive research

A

goal: describing a phenomenon
observation
surveys and interviews
case studies

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13
Q

correlational research

A

goal: identify relationships

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14
Q

experimental research

A

goal: determine causation

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15
Q

external validity

A

representative of real world issues?

do results generalize to the real world?

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16
Q

internal validity

A

are dependent variable changes the result of independent variable manipulation?
bias? logical errors?

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17
Q

bias and expectations

A 
experimenter bias
demand characteristics
research participant bias
placebo effect
solution: double-blind experiment
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18
Q

possible research methods

A 
observation
survey and interview
case studies
correlational research
experimental research
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19
Q

population

A

entire group about whom conclusion is to be drawn

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20
Q

sample

A

portion of population actually observed

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21
Q

representative sample

A

characteristics similar to population

opposite of “biased sample”

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22
Q

random sample

A

each individual in population has equal chance of being selected

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23
Q

“artificial” world

A

laboratory setting, controlled setting

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24
Q

“real” world

A

natural setting, naturalistic observation

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25
Q

statistics

A

mathematical methods used to report data

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26
Q

descriptive

A

describe/summarize

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27
Q

measures of central tendencies

A

mean
median
mode

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28
Q

measures of dispersion

A

range

standard deviation

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29
Q

inferential

A

draw conclusions

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30
Q

APA guidelines

A

informed consent
confidentiality
debriefing
deception

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31
Q

CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

A

CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

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32
Q

psychology

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental process

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33
Q

scientific

A

systematic methods

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34
Q

behavior

A

what can be directly observed

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35
Q

mental process

A

thoughts, feelings, motives

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36
Q

science of psychology

A

critical thinking
skepticism
objectivity
curiosity

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37
Q

positive psychology

A

emphasizes human strengths

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38
Q

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

A

1879- established 1st psychology lab Wundt’s Structuralism
structures of the mind
introspection: systematic, detailed self-report

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39
Q

William James (1842-1910)

A 
James' Functionalism:
functions/purposes of the mind
mind's interactions with outside world
stream of consciousness
why is human thought adaptive?
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40
Q

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

A

On the Origin of Species, 1859

psychology and evolution

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41
Q

natural selection

A

competition for resources
favors genetic characteristics that promote reproduction and survival
environmental changes alter course of evolution

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42
Q

contemporary approaches

A 
biological
behavioral
psychodynamic
humanistic
cognitive
evolutionary
sociocultural
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43
Q

biological appraoch

A 
neuroscience: nervous system
structure
function
development
genetics
biochemistry
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44
Q

behavioral approach

A

environmental determinants of observable behavior

reject explanations referencing thought

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45
Q

psychodynamic approach

A 
freud
psychoanalysis:
unconscious thought
conflict between biological drives and demands of society
early childhood family experiences
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46
Q

humanistic approach

A

positive human qualities/potential

free will

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47
Q

cognitive approach

A

mental processes involved in knowing

information processing

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48
Q

evolutionary approach

A

explanations of human behavior: adaptation
reproduction
natural selection

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49
Q

sociocultural appraoch

A

social and cultural environments
differences:
between ethnic and cultural groups
within and across countries

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50
Q

health and wellness

A

mind-body connection:
how the mind impacts the body
how the body impacts the mind

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51
Q

CHAPTER 3: BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR

A

CHAPTER 3: BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR

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52
Q

neuroscience

A

study of the body’s electrochemical communication circuitry

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53
Q

nervous system

A

complex
integrated
adaptable (plasticity)
electrochemical transmission

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54
Q

nervous system: pathways

A

nerves carry information

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55
Q

nervous system: divisions

A

central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS)

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56
Q

central (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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57
Q

Peripheral (PNS)

A

somatic NS: sensory nerves and motor nerves

autonomic NS: sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

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58
Q

nervous system - cells

A

glial cells and neurons

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59
Q

glial cells

A

provide support and nutrition

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60
Q

neurons

A 
information processing: computing & communicating
mirror neurons (in primates): imitation, social perception
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61
Q

neural impulse

A

negatively + positively charged ions
polarization (imbalance in charges)
resting potential

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62
Q

neural impulse pt. 2

A 
semipermeable membrane
ion channels
depolarization
threshold
action potential
all-or-none principle
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63
Q

synaptic transmission

A

electrical impulse is converted into a chemical signal
axon vesicle releases neurotransmitter into gap
dendrite receptor site detects neurotransmitter

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64
Q

neurotransmitter

A

carry information across the synaptic gap to the next neuron

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65
Q

acetylcholine

A

muscle actions, learning, memory
black widow venom increase ach level
botox decreases ach levels
alzheimer’s disease decrease ach levels

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66
Q

GABA

A

anxiety decreases GABA levels

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67
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory
learning and memory
involved in many psychological disorders

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68
Q

norepinephrine

A

stress and mania increase norepinephrine levels
depression decreases norepinephrine levels
regulates sleep states in conjunction with Ach

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69
Q

dopamine

A

voluntary movement
reward anticipation
stimulant drugs: activate dopamine receptors
parkinson’s disease decrease dopamine levels
schizophrenia increases dopamine levels

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70
Q

serotonin

A

regulation of sleep, mood, attention, learning
depression decreases serotonin levels
prozac increases serotonin levels

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71
Q

endorphines

A

natural opiates

mediate feelings of pleasure and pain

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72
Q

oxytocin

A

both a hormone and a neurotransmitter
related to onset of lactation in new mothers
related to attachment/emotional bonds

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73
Q

neural networks

A

interconnected pathways of nerve cells
integrate sensory input and motor output
develops across the years

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74
Q

studying the brain

A

brain lesioning: naturally occuring or induced
electrical recording: electroencephalograph (EEG)
single-unit recording

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75
Q

brain image

A 
X-Ray
CT Scan
PET
MRI
fMRI
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76
Q

hindbrain

A

parts of the brain: brainstem and cerebellum

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77
Q

brainstem

A

medulla - control breathing, regulate reflexes

pons - sleep and arousal

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78
Q

cerebellum

A

motor coordination

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79
Q

midbrain

A

substantia nigra
parkinson’s disease
reticular formation
stereotyped behavior patterns (like walking)

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80
Q

forebrain

A

limbic system and thalamus

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81
Q

limbic system

A

memory and emotion
amygdala - discrimination of objects needed for survival and emotional awareness and expression
hippocampus - formation and recall of memories

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82
Q

thalamus

A

relay station for much sensory information

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83
Q

basal ganglia

A

coordination of voluntary movements

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84
Q

hypothalamus

A

eating, drinking, sexual behaviors
regulate body’s internal state
emotion, stress, reward

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85
Q

cerebral cortex

A

neocortex: outermost layer and four lobes

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86
Q

four lobes

A

occipital (vision)
temporal (hearing, language processing, memory)
frontal (intelligence, personality, voluntary, muscles)
parietal (spatial location, attention, motor control)

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87
Q

somatosensory cortex (in partial lobe)

A

body sensations/touch

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88
Q

motor cortex (in frontal lobe)

A

voluntary movements and point-to-point mapping

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89
Q

association cortex (75% of cortex)

A

not sensory or motor, but associations between

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90
Q

corpus callosum

A

large bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the brain

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91
Q

left hemisphere

A

verbal processing, speech, grammar

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92
Q

right hemisphere

A

spatial perception, visual recognition, emotion

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93
Q

positive emotional responses

A

more left prefrontal lobe activity

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94
Q

negative emotional responses

A

more right prefrontal lobe activity

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95
Q

happy brains

A

prefrontal lobe asymmetry, biofeedback and mindfulness (Awareness) meditation

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96
Q

recovery from brain damage depends on

A

age of the individual and extent of the damage

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97
Q

repairing the damaged brain

A

collateral sprouting
substitution of function
neurogenesis
brain tissue grafts

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98
Q

genotype

A

genetic heritage

effects of experience and environment alters how genetic traits develop

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99
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics both physical and psychological

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100
Q

stressors

A

circumstances and events that threaten individuals and/or tax their coping abilities

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101
Q

CHAPTER 4: SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

A

CHAPTER 4: SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

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102
Q

sensation

A

the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment

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103
Q

perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

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104
Q

bottom-up processing

A

initiated by sensory input

outside world’s influence on perception

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105
Q

top-down processing

A

initiated by cognitive processing
internal/mental world’s influence on perception
expectations & prior understanding

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106
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized cells that selectively detect and transmit sensory information to the brain
cells send signals via distinct neural pathways

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107
Q

synesthesia

A

one sense induces an experience in another sense

phantom limb pain

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108
Q

photoreception

A

detection of light

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109
Q

mechanoreception

A

detection of pressure, vibration, and movement

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110
Q

chemoreception

A

detection of chemical stimuli

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111
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of energy an organism can detect 50% of the time

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112
Q

nosie

A

irrelevant and competing stimuli

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113
Q

JND: just noticeable difference

A

the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, or detectable at least half the time (absolute threshold)

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114
Q

absolute threshold for sound

A

would be the lowest volume that a person could detect

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115
Q

the just noticeable difference

A

would be the smallest change in volume that a person could sense

116
Q

Weber’s law

A

to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (not a constant amount)

117
Q

subliminal perception

A

influence of information below the level of conscious awareness

vicary: eat popcorn
straham: thirsty v. non-thirsty words

118
Q

attention

A 
focusing awareness on a narrowed aspect of the environment
selective attention
novelty, size, color, movement, emotions
emotion-induced blindness
unintentional blindness
119
Q

perceptual set

A

predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way

120
Q

sensory adaptation

A

change in responsiveness of sensory system

based on level of surrounding stimulation (darkened room, bright outdoors)

121
Q

extrasensory perception

A

perceive thoughts or events in the absence of concrete sensory input
parapsychology
problematic (doubtful) for science

122
Q

wavelength

A

distance between peaks
perceived as hue
some wavelengths beyond human sensation

123
Q

amplitude

A

height of wave

perceived as brightness

124
Q

purity

A

mixture of wavelengths

perceived as saturation

125
Q

photo-receptor cells

A

rods:
sensitive to even dim light, but not color
function well in low illumination
humans have approx. 120 million rods

126
Q

fovea

A

densely populated with cones vital to many visual tasks

127
Q

blind spot

A

where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball

128
Q

feature detectors

A

highly-specialized cells in the visual cortex
size, shape, color, movement, or combination
deprivation studies: brain “learns” perception

129
Q

visual processing

A

feature detectors
parallel processing
binding

130
Q

color vision: theories

A

trichromatic theory

131
Q

three types of receptors

A

green, blue, and red ones

132
Q

color blindness

A

one or more cone types is inoperative

133
Q

afterimage

A

sensation remains after a stimulus is removed

trichromatic theory cannot explain afterimages

134
Q

opponent process theory

A

complementary color pairs

135
Q

dimensions

A

shape, depth, motion, constancy

136
Q

gestalt psychology

A

perceptions are naturally organized according to certain patterns
whole is different from the sum of the parts

137
Q

gestalt principles

A

figure-ground relationship
closure
proximity
similarity

138
Q

binocular cues

A

disparity and convergence

139
Q

perceptual constancies

A

recognition that objects do not phyicially change despite changes in vantage points and viewing conditions
sensory information changes, but perceptual interpretation does not

140
Q

wavelength: distance between peaks

A

determine frequency
perceived as pitch
some wavelengths cannot be perceived

141
Q

amplitude: height of wave

A

perceived as loudness

142
Q

mixture of wavelengths: complex sounds

A

perceived as timbre/ tone saturation

143
Q

mixture of wavelengths: complex sounds

A

perceived as timbre/ tone saturation

144
Q

place theory of pitch perception

A

location of stimulation is important

only explains perception of high frequencies

145
Q

frequency theory of pitch perception

A

frequency of nerve firing and volley principle

146
Q

frequency of nerve firing

A

limitations of neuronal firing rate

147
Q

volley principle

A

cell clusters can exceed limitations of firing rate

148
Q

pathway of auditory information

A

cochlea, auditory nerve, brain stem, temporal lobe

149
Q

other senses

A 
skin senses:
touch, temperature, and pain
chemical: 
taste and smell
kinesthetic
vestibular
150
Q

touch

A

receptors, spinal cord, thalamus, somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe

151
Q

temperature

A

thermoreceptors: warm and cold

simultaneous warm and cold perceived as hot

152
Q

pain

A

mechanical, heat, chemical receptors
fast and slow pain pathways
endorphins
perception of pain can vary

153
Q

empathy

A

feeling what others are feeling:

“feeling” refers here to emotions and perspectives

154
Q

MTS: mirror-touch-synesthesia

A

literally feeling what you see another person feel:
sense of touch
doesn’t happen when they see a non-person touched
overactive mirror neurons

155
Q

taste

A

receptors on tongue: papillae
sweet, sour, bitter, salty
cultural influence

156
Q

smell

A

olfactory sense:

olfactory epithelium and temporal lobe and limbic system

157
Q

kinesthetic

A

movement, posture, orientation
muscle fibers and joints
proprioceptive feedback

158
Q

vestibular

A

balance and acceleration

semicircular canals

159
Q

health and wellness

A

protecting ones vision and hearing:
diet
medical examinations
avoiding chronic exposure

160
Q

CHAPTER 6: LEARNING

A

CHAPTER 6: LEARNING

161
Q

learning

A

a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

162
Q

types of learning

A

classical and operant conditioning

163
Q

classical conditioning

A

helps to explain involuntary behavior and control of a response [fear] is shifted to a new stimulus [office]

164
Q

operant conditioning

A

helps to explain voluntary behavior and performing well in swim competition (behavior) and becomes associated with getting awards (consequences)

165
Q

generalization

A

CRs may also appear after various new NS that are similar to the CS

166
Q

discrimination

A

CRs appear after the CS but not after the CSs and discrimination is generally learned by presenting other CSs without the UCS

167
Q

extinction

A

CR weakened by presenting the CS without the UCS and Pavlov rang bell but did not present food; the dog stopped salivating

168
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

CR recurs after a time delay and without additional learning and when Pavlov rang the bell the next day, the dog salivated

169
Q

counterconditioning

A

assoicate CS with new, incompatible CR

170
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

consequences strengthens or weakens an S-R connection

171
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

expanded on Throndike’s work and shaping (reward approximations of the desired behavior)

172
Q

positive reinforcement

A

behavior followed be rewarding consequence and rewarding stimulus is “added”

173
Q

negative reinforcement

A

behavior followed by rewarding consequence and aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is “removed”

174
Q

CHAPTER 7: MEMORY

A

CHAPTER 7: MEMORY

175
Q

the nature of memory

A

retention of information or experience over time

176
Q

three phases of memory

A

encoding
storage
retrieval

177
Q

what is the role of attention?

A 
selective attention (purposive focus)
divided attention (multitasking)
sustained attention (vigilance)
178
Q

application: notetaking

A

handwritten better than laptops

slower writing is “deeper” more attentive

179
Q

round letter task

A 
R = round
K = not round
180
Q

verbal code

A

word or label

181
Q

image code

A

detailed and distinctive

182
Q

sensory memory

A 
detailed information
in original sensory form
very brief duration
echoic (auditory) memory
iconic (visual) memory
183
Q

short term memory

A 
limited duration (about 30 seconds)
limited capacity
184
Q

long term memory

A

relatively permanent with “unlimited” capacity

185
Q

chunking

A

grouping items into a unit

186
Q

rehersal

A

conscious repetition of information

prolongs STM duration indefinitely

187
Q

explicit long-term memory (declarative)

A

episodic memory

semantic memory

188
Q

implicit long-term memory (nondeclarative)

A

procedural memory
classical conditioning
priming

189
Q

declarative memory

A

conscious recollection of specific facts and events that can be verbally communicated

190
Q

Bahrick (1984) recall college spanish

A

initial learning is important
permastore content
effect of distributed practice

191
Q

subtypes of explicit memory

A

episodic and semantic

192
Q

episodic

A

autobiographical memories

193
Q

semantic

A

knowledge about the world

194
Q

nondeclarative memory

A

affected by a past experience without consciously recalling it
procedural memory
classical conditioning
priming

195
Q

schemas

A

scripts (event schema)

196
Q

connectionist networks

A

parallel distributed processing (PDP)

197
Q

memory: location

A

storage is diffuse
circuits of neurons
neurotransmitter involvement
long-term potentiation

198
Q

explicit memory

A

hippocampus, frontal lobes, amygdala

199
Q

implicit memory

A

hippocampus, temporal lobes, cerebellum

200
Q

serial position effect

A

tendency to recall items at beginning and end of a list more readily than those in middle

201
Q

types of tasks

A

recall and recognition

202
Q

encoding specificity

A

information present at encoding effective as retrieval cue and context-dependent memory

203
Q

autobiographical memories

A

life time periods: reminiscence bump
general events
event-specific information

204
Q

emotional memories

A

flashbulb memories
traumatic events
repressed memories: motivated forgetting: first forgotten and later recovered and Freudian defense mechanism

205
Q

repressed memories: recovered or created?

A

most children over age 4 have accurate recall
loss of memory for abuse is possible
false reconstruction of memory is possible
difficult to separate accurate and inaccurate memories

206
Q

false memories

A

failure to distinguish real memories (external source) from self-generated thoughts (internal source): distortion, bias, and inaccuracy

207
Q

distortion

A

altered by new information
leading questions
trying too hard to remember

208
Q

proactive

A

interfering material learned before target material is

209
Q

retroactive

A

interfering material learned after target material is

210
Q

decay theory

A

passage of time - forgetting

does not explain all instances of forgetting

211
Q

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

effortful retrieval of known information

can retrieve some but not all information

212
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do something in the future:
content - remembering what to do
timing - remembering when to do it
absentmindedness

213
Q

amnesia

A

anterograde amnesia: inability to store new information and events
retrograde amnesia: inability to retrieve past information and events

214
Q

study tips - encoding

A 
give undivided attention
process deeply
make associations
use imagery
use chunking
encode early and often
215
Q

study tips - rehearse

A 
redo notes
talk to others
test yourself
ask yourself questions
rest and eat well
216
Q

roles of autobiographical memories

A

learn from our experience
develop sense of identity
bond with others

217
Q

memory and aging

A

indicator of brain functioning
activity inoculates against mental decline
both physical and mental activity are important

218
Q

CHAPTER 5: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

A

CHAPTER 5: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

219
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of external events and internal sensations which occurs under conditions of arousal

220
Q

theory of mind

A

knowledge that people think and have private experiences

221
Q

levels of awareness: higher-level consciousness

A

controlled processing
executive function
requires attention

222
Q

levels of awareness: lower-level consciousness

A

automatic processes

daydreaming

223
Q

levels of awareness: altered states of consciouness

A

drug states
fatigue, illness, trauma deprivation
meditation, hypnosis
mental disorders

224
Q

subconscious awareness

A

incubation and parallel processing

225
Q

sleep and dreams

A

low levels of consciousness of outside world

226
Q

no awareness

A

unconscious (covered) thought-Freud

non-conscious processes

227
Q

prosocial behavior

A

improve well-being of others (not of self)

228
Q

periodic physiological fluctuations

A

annual or seasonal and 24-hour cycles

229
Q

desynchronizing the clock

A

jet lag
shift-work problems
insomnia

230
Q

resetting the clock

A

bright light

melatonin

231
Q

adaptive evolutionary function

A

safety

energy conservation/efficiency

232
Q

restorative function

A

body rejuvenation and growth

233
Q

brain plasticity

A

enhances synaptic connections

memory consolidation

234
Q

stages of sleep

A

EEG measures electrical activity in the brain identifies stages of wakefulness and sleep

235
Q

wakefulness

A

alpha waves (W-relaxed):
lower frequency
increase in amplitude
synchronous

236
Q

stage N-1

A

theta waves
slow frequency
low amplitude (but greater than alpha)

237
Q

stage N-2

A

sleep spindles: sudden increase in wave frequency

still light sleep

238
Q

stage N-3

A

delta waves
slowest frequency and highest amplitude
deep sleep
bedwetting, sleep walking, sleep talking

239
Q

stage R (REM sleep)

A

rapid eye movements
EEG similar to relaxed wakefulness
dreaming

240
Q

sleep cycles

A

typically 5 cycles a night
90-100 minutes per cycle
sleep patterns chagne during the night

241
Q

sleep and the brain

A

reticular formation and neurotransmitters (NT)

242
Q

sleep and disease

A

sleep problems common in Alzheimer disease, stroke, cancer
infectious diseases induce sleep
sleep problems are common in those with mental disorders

243
Q

sleep disorders

A 
insomnia
sleep walking, talking, and eating
nightmares and night terrors
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
244
Q

theories of dreaming

A

historical and religious significance
Freud’s Psychodynamic Approach
Cognitive Theory
Activation-Synthesis Theory

245
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

act on nervous system to:
alter consciousness
modify perceptions
change moods

246
Q

psychoactive drugs: effects on users

A

unsafe sexual behavior
direct and indirect health effects
school, work, and relationship problems
psychological problems

247
Q

addiction

A

physical dependence and unpleasant withdrawal and psychological dependence

248
Q

alcohol

A

pain relief
relaxation, reduced inhibition
disorientation, death
brain/liver/heart, accidents, birth defects

249
Q

barbiturates

A

sleep
relaxation, sleep
breathing difficulty, coma, death
accidents, overdose

250
Q

tranquilizers

A

anxiety reduction
relaxation, slowed behavior
breathing difficulty, coma, death
accidents, overdose

251
Q

opiates (narcotics)

A

pain relief
euphoria, drowsiness, nausea
convulsions, coma, death
accidents, AIDS, overdose

252
Q

caffeine

A

none
alertness, sense of well-being
nervousness, anxiety, disturbed sleep
cardiovascular problems

253
Q

nicotine

A

none
stress reduction
nervousness, disturbed sleep
cancer, cardiovascular disease

254
Q

amphetamines

A

weight control
alert, excitable, irritable, less fatigue
paranoia, convulsions
insomnia, hypertension, death

255
Q

cocaine

A

local anesthetic
alert, excitable, irritable, euphoric
paranoia, convulsions, cardiac arrest
insomnia, hypertension, death

256
Q

MDMA (ecstasy)

A

none
hallucinations, sense of well-being
brain damage (memory. cognition)
cardiovascular problems, death

257
Q

marijuana

A

treat glaucoma, nausea, pain
mild hallucinations, time distortion
fatigue, disorientation
accidents, respiratory disease

258
Q

LSD

A

none
strong hallucinations, time distortion
severe mental disturbance
accidents

259
Q

hypnosis is marker by

A

altered attention and expectation and unusual receptiveness to suggestions

260
Q

four steps in hypnosis

A
  1. distractions are minimized
  2. told to concentrate on something specific
  3. told what to expect
  4. certain obvious events/feelings are suggested
261
Q

explaining hypnosis

A

divided state of consciousness: obedient to hypnotist and hidden observer
social cognitive behavior: normal conscious state and social expectations for how to act hypnotized

262
Q

hypnosis is used to

A

treat various health issues: alcoholism, smoking, somnambulism, and PTSD
effectiveness is debatable and can reduce experience of pain

263
Q

meditation

A

a peaceful state of mind, not occupied by worry
mindfulness meditation used to treat a variety of conditions
lovingkindness meditation reduces prejudice

264
Q

CHAPTER 9: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

A

CHAPTER 9: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

265
Q

development

A

the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life: growth and decline -
biological processes
cognitive processes
socioemotional processes

266
Q

nature

A

biological inheritance

267
Q

nurture

A

environmental experiences

268
Q

self

A

individuals take active roles in own development

269
Q

resilience

A

a person’s ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times

270
Q

germinal period (weeks 1-2)

A

conception, fertilization, and zygote

271
Q

embryonic period (weeks 3-8)

A

differentiation of tissue and organ formation

272
Q

fetal period (months 2-9)

A

development of functionality

273
Q

teratogens are agents that cause birth defects:

A

nicotine
alcohol
STIs

274
Q

effects of teratogens depend on:

A

timing of exposure
genetic characteristics
postnatal environment

275
Q

reflexes are genetically wired behaviors:

A

persist throughout life and disappear with neurological development

276
Q

motor skills

A

locomotion and reach + grasp

277
Q

preferential looking

A

give “choice” and measure preferences

278
Q

brain development

A

myelination continues after birth
synaptic connections increase dramatically
brain mass increases dramatically

279
Q

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

A

children actively construct their cognitive world using:
schemas - concepts or frameworks that organize information
assimilation - apply old (existing) schemas to new experiences
accommodation - adjust/alter schemas to new information

280
Q

sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)

A

coordinate sensations with movements
object permanence
progress from reflexive action to symbolic thought

281
Q

preoperational stage (2-7 years)

A

symbolic thinking: words + images
intuitive reasoning
egocentrism

282
Q

concrete operational stage (7-11 yrs)

A

operational thinking
classification skills
reason logically in concrete contexts

283
Q

formal operational stage (11-15 yrs)

A

lasts through adulthood
abstract and idealistic thought
hypothetical-deductive reasoning

284
Q

evaluating piaget’s theory

A

underestimated infant object permanence
overestimated adolescent/adult hypothetical-deductive thought
culture and education also influence development

285
Q

temperament

A

an individual’s behavioral style or characteristic way of responding

286
Q

infant attachment

A

the close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver: may provide important foundation for subsequent development

Psychology 1000 (1 decks)

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