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PSYC_1313 > CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? Flashcards

1
Q

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

A

the study of psychological issues intended to have direct practical significance or application

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2
Q

BASIC PSYCHOLOGY

A

the study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than with a particular practical application in mind

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3
Q

PSYCHOANALYSIS

A

a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

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4
Q

EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY

A

a field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition, development, emotion, social practices, and other areas of behavior

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5
Q

LEARNING PERSPECTIVE

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect an individual’s actions

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6
Q

EXPERIMENTER EFFECTS

A

unintended changes in participants behavior as a result of cues that the experimenter inadvertently conveys

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7
Q

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

A

statistics that organize and summarize research data

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8
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS

A

methods that yield descriptions of behavior but not direct explanations for why it occurs

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9
Q

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

A

a study in which different groups of people (or animals) are compared at a given time

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10
Q

LONGITUDINAL STUDY

A

a study in which people (or animals) are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time

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11
Q

DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY

A

an experiment in which neither the people being studied nor the individuals running the study know who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group until after the results are tallied

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12
Q

RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

A

in an experiment, the practice of putting participants into conditions at random so as to increase the likelihood that the different conditions are equivalent to begin with

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13
Q

CONTROL CONDITION

A

in an experiment, a comparison condition in which participants are not exposed to the treatment used in the experimental condition

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14
Q

OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

A

a study in which the researcher systematically measures and records behavior (naturalistically or in a laboratory) without interfering with it

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15
Q

SIGNIFICANCE TESTS

A

statistical tests that assess how likely it is that a study’s results occurred merely by chance

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16
Q

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

A

a specification of precisely how to observe and measure a variable in a hypothesis

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17
Q

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior

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18
Q

PRINCIPLE OF FALSIFIABILITY

A

the notion that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation

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19
Q

FUNCTIONALISM

A

an early psychological approach that emphasized the purpose of behavior and consciousness

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20
Q

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

A

a statistical measure that provides, with a specified probability, a range of values within which a population mean is likely to lie

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21
Q

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

A

statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw inferences about how statistically reliable a study’s results are

22
Q

EFFECT SIZE

A

a standardized way of describing the strength of the independent variable’s influence on the dependent variable

23
Q

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

A

a variable that an experimenter manipulates

24
Q

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior

25
Q

EXPERIMENT

A

a control test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another

26
Q

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

A

a variable that an experimenter measures predicting that it will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable

27
Q

EMPIRICAL

A

relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, and measurement

28
Q

FIELD RESEARCH

A

empirical investigation conducted in a natural setting outside the laboratory

29
Q

THEORY

A

an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of observations and their interrelationships

30
Q

SURVEYS

A

questionnaires and interviews that ask people about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions

31
Q

CASE STUDY

A

a detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated

32
Q

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE

A

a group of individuals selected from a population for study, which matches that population on important characteristics

33
Q

PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

A

standardized procedures used to measure personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, and abilities

34
Q

CORRELATIONAL STUDY

A

a study that looks for a consistent relationship between two or more phenomena

35
Q

CORRELATION

A

a measure of how strongly two variables are related to each other

36
Q

RELIABILITY

A

the consistency of test scores from one time and place to another

37
Q

VALIDITY

A

the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

38
Q

SINGLE-BLIND STUDY

A

an experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group

39
Q

PLACEBO

A

an inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment

40
Q

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts

41
Q

INFORMED CONSENT

A

the doctrine that anyone who participates in human research must do so voluntarily and must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about whether to take part

42
Q

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

A

a measure of correlation that ranges in value from -1.00 to -1.00

43
Q

CRITICAL THINKING

A

assessing claims and making objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote

44
Q

HYPOTHESIS

A

A statement that attempts to predict or to account for a set of phenomena, specifying relationships among events or variables that can be empirically tested

45
Q

RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

A

in an experiment, the practice of putting participants into conditions at random so as to increase the likelihood that the different conditions are equivalent to begin with

46
Q

HOW MANY CRITICIAL-THINKING GUIDELINES ARE THERE?

A

8

47
Q

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE

A

emphasizes the study of the whole person; looks at behavior through the eyes of the person doing the behaving

48
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE

A

ephasizes unconscious psychological processes; contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping the adult personality; originated in the work of Sigmund Freud

49
Q

WILHEIM WUNDT

A

father of psychology; first psychology lab in Germany in 1879; analysis of the content of one’s mind through “objective introspection”

50
Q

WILLIAM JAMES

A

first American psychologist; founded Functionalism; focused on functioning in the real world, adaptation, and behavior

51
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

founded the psychoanalysis theory and method; emphasized the effects of early childhood experiences on the adult personality

PSYC_1313 (2 decks)

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