Chapter 1 What is Criminal Justice (cont)

Question 1

Individual Rights

Answer 1

The rights guaranteed to all members of American society by the U.S. Constitution (especially those found in the 1st ten amendments to the Constitution known as the Bill of Rights). These rights are important for offenders facing criminal justice system.

Question 2

Social Disorganization

Answer 2

A condition said to exist when a group is faced with social change, misaligned development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus.

Question 3

Individual-rights advocate

Answer 3

One who seeks to protect personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice.

Question 4

Social order

Answer 4

The condition of a society characterized by social integration, consensus, smooth functioning, and lack of interpersonal and institutional conflict. Also, a lack of social disorganization.

Question 5

Public-order advocate

Answer 5

One who believes that under certain circumstances involving criminal threat to public safety, society should take precedence over individual rights.

Question 6

Justice

Answer 6

The principle of moral rightness, or conformity to truth. Also known as “truth in action.” Therefore, principle of fairness and idea of moral equity.

Question 7

Social Justice

Answer 7

An idea that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong.

Question 8

Civil Justice

Answer 8

The civil law, one component of social justuce, concerns itself with fairness in relationships between citizens, gov’t agencies, and businesses in private matters It cannot be separated from social justice because justice enacts our nation’s civil courts reflects American understanding.

Question 9

Criminal Justice

Answer 9

In the strictest sense, the criminal (penal) law, the law of criminal procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with enforcement of this body of law. Interests in the criminal justice sphere demand the apprehension and punishment of law violators. At the same time, ideals extend to the protection of the innocent, the fair treatment of offenders, and fair play by the agencies of law enforcement, including courts and institutions.

Question 10

Administration of justice

Answer 10

The performance of any of the following activities: detection, apprehension, detention, pretrial release, post trial release, prosecution, adjudication, correctional supervision, or rehabilitation of the accused or criminal offenders.

Question 11

Criminal justice system

Answer 11

The aggregate of all operating and administrative or technical support agencies that perform criminal justice functions. Divisions of the operational aspects of criminal justice are law enforcement, courts, and corrections.

Question 12

Consensus model

Answer 12

Assumes that each of the component parts of the CJ system strives toward a common goal and that the movement of cases and people through the system is due to cooperation between various components of system.

Question 13

Conflict model

Answer 13

A criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system’s components function primarily to serve their personal interests. Justice is a product of conflict, not cooperation.The goals of individual agencies often conflict, and pressures for success, promotion, pay increases, and general accountability fragment the efforts as a whole, leading to a criminal justice non system.

Question 14

Which model would this example of an instance in that a burglar was caught red-handed during the commission of a crime?

Answer 14

THe conflict model

Question 15

Who discovered conflict model

Answer 15

Jerome F. Skolnick

Question 16

Clearance rate

Answer 16

A measure of crimes solved by the police. The more crimes police can show they have solved, the better they look to the public they serve.

Question 17

Sustainable justice

Answer 17

Criminal laws and criminal justice institutions, policies, and practices that achieve justice in the present without compromising the ability of future generations of a just society.

Question 18

Warrant

Answer 18

An arrest document issued by a judge provides the legal basis for an apprehension by police. To perform a specified act and affording the officer protection from damages from he or she performs it.

Question 19

What is called when a person is taken into custody, limits the freedom of the individual?

Answer 19

Arrest

Question 20

During which action is done before questioning, defendants are usually advised of their constitutional rights or Miranda rights.

Answer 20

Arrest

Question 21

What is called of all steps of this procedure of 1) you have the right to remain silent 2) anything you say can and will be used against you in court 3) you have to right to speak to a lawyer for advice before we ask you any questions, and to have him or her with you during questioning 4) if you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be appointed for you before any questioning if you wish 5) if you decide to answer questions now without a lawyer present, you will still have the right to stop answering at any time, You also have the right to stop answering at any time and may speak with a lawyer before deciding to speak again 6) Do you wish to talk or not and 7) Do you want a lawyer?

Answer 21

Miranda Rights. Known from the famous U.S. Supreme Court decision of Miranda v. Arizona.

Question 22

A law enforcement or correctional administrative process officially recording an entry into detention after arrest and identifying the person, place, time, the reason for the arrest, and the arresting authority. Pictures, fingerprints, and personal information are obtained.

Answer 22

Booking

Question 23

After a crime has been discovered, evidence is gathered and follow-up attempt to reconstruct the sequence of activities leading up to and including the criminal event. Efforts to identify suspects are initiated.

Answer 23

Investigation

Question 24

What president signed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on July 30, 2002. The law, which has been called “the single most important piece of legislation affecting corporate governance, financial disclosure, and the practice of public accounting since the US securities laws of the early 1930s.

Answer 24

George W. Bush

Question 25

What is the name of the law that In late 2010, for example, California state senators unanimously passed a bill intended to increase prison sentences and extend parole terms for offenders who commit sex crimes against minors.

Answer 25

Chelsea’s law

Question 26

Three major components of the criminal justice system

Answer 26

Police-Enforce the laws
Courts-Conducts fair and impartial trials
Corrections- Carry out sentences imposed by the courts

Question 27

A right guaranteed by the 4th. 5th, 6th, 14th Amendments of the U.S. Constitution and generally understood, in legal contexts, to mean the due course of legal proceedings according to the rules and forms established for the protection of individual rights. Specifically guaranteed by 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendments

Answer 27

Due process

Question 28

What is generally understood to include the following basic elements: a law creating and defining the offense, an impartial tribunal having jurisdictional authority over the case, accusation in proper form, notice, and opportunity of defend, trial according to established procedure, and discharge from all restraints or obligations under convicted?

Answer 28

Due process

Question 29

One of two or more sentences imposed at the same time, after conviction for more than one offense, and served in sequence with the other sentence

Answer 29

Consecutive sentences

Question 30

Multiculturalism is one form of

Answer 30

Diversity

Question 31

The ________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gives every defendant the right to a trial by jury?

Answer 31

Sixth

Question 32

In which of the following situations may a bench trial occur?

Answer 32

The defendant waives his or her right to a trial by jury

Question 33

The ________ model emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders.

Answer 33

Crime control

Question 34

A crime is a behavior for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Currently, we are seeing a decrease in which types of crime?

Answer 35

Traditional crimes

Question 36

May be told that their sentences will run at the same time. After convictions for more than one offense.

Answer 36

Concurrent sentence

Question 37

What is it called when some offenders are ordered to prison only to have their sentences suspended and a probationary term imposed. They also be ordered to perform [community service] activities as a condition of their probation.

Answer 37

Reentry

Question 38

Which of the following generally does not occur during a preliminary hearing?

Answer 38

The defendant is asked to enter a plea

Question 39

The majority of sentences are imposed in criminal cases after defendants have been found guilty at trial?

Answer 39

False

Question 40

At ________ the accused stands before a judge and hears the information or indictment against him or her. Defendants are notified of their rights and asked to enter a plea of not guilty, guilty, and no contest

Answer 40

Arraignment

Question 41

A formal, written accusation submitted to a court by a prosecutor, alleging that specified person has committed a specified offense. Filed on the outcome of the preliminary hearing

Answer 41

Information

Question 42

A formal, written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony

Answer 42

Indictment