Chapter 1 What is Criminal Justice (cont) Flashcards
Individual Rights
The rights guaranteed to all members of American society by the U.S. Constitution (especially those found in the 1st ten amendments to the Constitution known as the Bill of Rights). These rights are important for offenders facing criminal justice system.
Social Disorganization
A condition said to exist when a group is faced with social change, misaligned development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus.
Individual-rights advocate
One who seeks to protect personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice.
Social order
The condition of a society characterized by social integration, consensus, smooth functioning, and lack of interpersonal and institutional conflict. Also, a lack of social disorganization.
Public-order advocate
One who believes that under certain circumstances involving criminal threat to public safety, society should take precedence over individual rights.
Justice
The principle of moral rightness, or conformity to truth. Also known as “truth in action.” Therefore, principle of fairness and idea of moral equity.
Social Justice
An idea that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong.
Civil Justice
The civil law, one component of social justuce, concerns itself with fairness in relationships between citizens, gov’t agencies, and businesses in private matters It cannot be separated from social justice because justice enacts our nation’s civil courts reflects American understanding.
Criminal Justice
In the strictest sense, the criminal (penal) law, the law of criminal procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with enforcement of this body of law. Interests in the criminal justice sphere demand the apprehension and punishment of law violators. At the same time, ideals extend to the protection of the innocent, the fair treatment of offenders, and fair play by the agencies of law enforcement, including courts and institutions.
Administration of justice
The performance of any of the following activities: detection, apprehension, detention, pretrial release, post trial release, prosecution, adjudication, correctional supervision, or rehabilitation of the accused or criminal offenders.
Criminal justice system
The aggregate of all operating and administrative or technical support agencies that perform criminal justice functions. Divisions of the operational aspects of criminal justice are law enforcement, courts, and corrections.
Consensus model
Assumes that each of the component parts of the CJ system strives toward a common goal and that the movement of cases and people through the system is due to cooperation between various components of system.
Conflict model
A criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system’s components function primarily to serve their personal interests. Justice is a product of conflict, not cooperation.The goals of individual agencies often conflict, and pressures for success, promotion, pay increases, and general accountability fragment the efforts as a whole, leading to a criminal justice non system.
Which model would this example of an instance in that a burglar was caught red-handed during the commission of a crime?
THe conflict model
Who discovered conflict model
Jerome F. Skolnick
Clearance rate
A measure of crimes solved by the police. The more crimes police can show they have solved, the better they look to the public they serve.
Sustainable justice
Criminal laws and criminal justice institutions, policies, and practices that achieve justice in the present without compromising the ability of future generations of a just society.
Warrant
An arrest document issued by a judge provides the legal basis for an apprehension by police. To perform a specified act and affording the officer protection from damages from he or she performs it.
What is called when a person is taken into custody, limits the freedom of the individual?
Arrest
During which action is done before questioning, defendants are usually advised of their constitutional rights or Miranda rights.
Arrest
What is called of all steps of this procedure of 1) you have the right to remain silent 2) anything you say can and will be used against you in court 3) you have to right to speak to a lawyer for advice before we ask you any questions, and to have him or her with you during questioning 4) if you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be appointed for you before any questioning if you wish 5) if you decide to answer questions now without a lawyer present, you will still have the right to stop answering at any time, You also have the right to stop answering at any time and may speak with a lawyer before deciding to speak again 6) Do you wish to talk or not and 7) Do you want a lawyer?
Miranda Rights. Known from the famous U.S. Supreme Court decision of Miranda v. Arizona.
A law enforcement or correctional administrative process officially recording an entry into detention after arrest and identifying the person, place, time, the reason for the arrest, and the arresting authority. Pictures, fingerprints, and personal information are obtained.
Booking
After a crime has been discovered, evidence is gathered and follow-up attempt to reconstruct the sequence of activities leading up to and including the criminal event. Efforts to identify suspects are initiated.
Investigation
What president signed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on July 30, 2002. The law, which has been called “the single most important piece of legislation affecting corporate governance, financial disclosure, and the practice of public accounting since the US securities laws of the early 1930s.
George W. Bush
