Chapter 1 (Vocabulary)

Question 1

The process of examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities.

Answer 1

Objective introspection

Question 2

Early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titcherner, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind.

Answer 2

Structuralism

Question 3

Early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play.

Answer 3

Functionalism

Question 4

Early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patters and whole figures.

Answer 4

Gestalt Psychology

Question 5

The theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud.

Answer 5

Psychoanalysis

Question 6

The science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only.

Answer 6

Behaviorism

Question 7

Modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person’s behavior other and sexual motivations.

Answer 7

Psychodynamic Perspective

Question 8

Modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.

Answer 8

Cognitive Perspective

Question 9

Study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking.

Answer 9

Cognitive neuroscience

Question 10

Perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture.

Answer 10

Sociocultural Perspective

Question 11

Perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system.

Answer 11

Biopsychological Perspective

Question 12

Perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share.

Answer 12

Evolutionary perspective

Question 13

A professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology.

Answer 13

Psychologist

Question 14

A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

Answer 14

Psychiatrist

Question 15

A social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress and drug abuse.

Answer 15

Psychiatric Social Worker

Question 16

System of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced.

Answer 16

Scientific method

Question 17

Tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations.

Answer 17

Hypothesis

Question 18

In research, repeating a study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results.

Answer 18

Replicate

Question 19

Tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed.

Answer 19

Observer Effect

Question 20

A naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed.

Answer 20

Participant Observation

Question 21

Tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.

Answer 21

Observer Bias

Question 22

Study of one individual in great detail.

Answer 22

Case Study

Question 23

Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects.

Answer 23

Representative Sample

Question 24

The entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested.

Answer 24

Population

Question 25

A measure of the relationship between two variables.

Answer 25

Correlation

Question 26

A number derived from the formula for measuring a correlations and indicating the strength and direction of a correlation.

Answer 26

Correlation Coefficient

Question 27

A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships.

Answer 27

Experiment

Question 28

Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured.

Answer 28

Operational Definition

Question 29

Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter.

Answer 29

Independent Variable

Question 30

Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment.

Answer 30

Dependent Variable

Question 31

Subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable.

Answer 31

Experimental Group

Question 32

Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment.

Answer 32

Control Group

Question 33

Process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group.

Answer 33

Random Assignment

Question 34

The Phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior.

Answer 34

Placebo Effect

Question 35

Tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study.

Answer 35

Experimenter Effect

Question 36

Study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group.

Answer 36

Single-Blind Effect

Question 37

Tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study.

Answer 37

Experimenter Effect

Question 38

Study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group.

Answer 38

Double-Blind Study

Question 39

Making reasoned judgments about claims.

Answer 39

Critical Thinking