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AP Human Geography > Chapter 1 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Cartography

A

The science of mapmaking.

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2
Q

Place

A

Specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic.

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3
Q

Region

A

Area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.

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4
Q

Scale

A

Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.

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5
Q

Ecosystem

A

Group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact.

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6
Q

Parallel

A

Circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.

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7
Q

Participatory GIS (PGIS)

A

Community-based mapping, representing local knowledge and information.

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8
Q

Latitude

A

The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.

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9
Q

Hydrosphere

A

All of the water on or near the Earth’s surface.

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10
Q

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A

Computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

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11
Q

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A

System that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

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12
Q

Prime Meridian

A

Meridian designated as 0 degrees longitude, passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

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13
Q

Humanistic Geography

A

The study of different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meanings.

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14
Q

Polder

A

Land that the Dutch have created by draining water from an area.

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15
Q

Toponym

A

Name given to a portion of Earth’s surface.

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16
Q

Site

A

Physical characteristics of a place.

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17
Q

Situation

A

Location of a place relative to another place.

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18
Q

Formal or Uniform Region

A

Area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristic.

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19
Q

Functional or Nodal Region

A

Organized around a node or focal point.

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20
Q

Vernacular or Perceptual Region

A

Area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

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21
Q

Globalization

A

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

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22
Q

Transnational Corporation

A

Company that conducts research, operates factories, sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

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23
Q

Distribution

A

Arrangement of something across Earth’s surface.

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24
Q

Density

A

Frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.

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25
Q

Concentration

A

The spread of something over a given area.

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26
Q

Diffusion

A

Process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another.

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27
Q

Hearth

A

The region from which innovative ideas originate.

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28
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

Spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

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29
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

Spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process.

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30
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

Spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places.

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31
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

Rapid widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

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32
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

Spread of an underlying principle even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

33
Q

Distance Decay

A

Diminished importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

34
Q

Space Time Compression

A

Reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.

35
Q

Sustainability

A

The use of Earth’s renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future.

36
Q

Renewable Resource

A

Something that is produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans.

37
Q

Nonrenewable Resource

A

Something produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans.

38
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

9th and early 20th century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

39
Q

Possibilism

A

Theory that the physical environment may limit on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

40
Q

Climate

A

The long-term average weather condition at a particular location.

41
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific study of ecosystems.

42
Q

Citizen Science

A

Scientific research by amateur scientists.

43
Q

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

A

Time in the zone encompassing the prime meridian or 0 degrees longitude.

44
Q

International Date Line

A

An arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude.

45
Q

Poststructuralist Geography

A

Study of space as the product of ideologies or value systems of ruling elites.

46
Q

Geotagging

A

Identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates.

47
Q

Abiootic

A

Composed of nonliving or inorganic.

48
Q

Acculturation

A

`The process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each of which retains distinct culture features.

49
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which a group’s cultural features are altered to resemble those of another more dominant group.

50
Q

Atmosphere

A

The thin layer of gases surrounding Earth.

51
Q

Behavioral Geography

A

The study of the psychological basis for individual human actions in space.

52
Q

Biosphere

A

All living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms.

53
Q

Biotic

A

Composed of living organisms.

54
Q

Connection

A

Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.

55
Q

Conservation

A

The sustainable management of a natural resource.

56
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

A geographic approach that emphasizes human-environmental relationships.

57
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area

58
Q

Culture

A

The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group’s distinct tradition.

59
Q

Geographic Information Science (GIScience)

A

Development and analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies.

60
Q

Lithosphere

A

Earth’s crust and a portion of upper mantle directly below the crust.

61
Q

Location

A

The position of anything on Earth’s surface.

62
Q

Longitude

A

The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian.

63
Q

Map

A

A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it.

64
Q

Mashup

A

A map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service.

65
Q

Map Scale

A

The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth’s surface.

66
Q

Mental Map

A

A representation of a portion on Earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place that contains personal impressions of what is in the place and where the place is located.

67
Q

Meridian

A

An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles.

68
Q

Spatial Association

A

Relationship between the distribution of one feature and the distribution of another feature.

69
Q

Network

A

A chain of communication that connects places.

70
Q

Pattern

A

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a particular area.

71
Q

Preservation

A

Maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible.

72
Q

Remote Sensing

A

Acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long-distance methods.

73
Q

Projection

A

System used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map.

74
Q

Resource

A

Substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.

75
Q

Space

A

Physical gap or interval between two objects.

76
Q

Syncretism

A

Combining of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature.

77
Q

Uneven Development

A

Increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.

78
Q

Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI)

A

Creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free individuals.

AP Human Geography (1 decks)

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