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A&P 1 Lecture > Chapter 1 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Flashcards

0
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

•structural changes that occur between conception and birth

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

Parts

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2
Q

Embryology

A

8th week and earlier

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3
Q

Two MICRO subjects in anatomy and physiology:

A
  • cytology

* histology

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4
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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5
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

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6
Q

Two MACRO subjects of study

A

Gross anatomy
Surface anatomy
• no microscope necessary

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7
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Internal structure

Without microscope

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8
Q

Surface anatomy

A

External structure

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9
Q

Physiology

A

Process and function

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10
Q

5 topics of physiology

A
  • cellular
  • systemic
  • neuro
  • cardio
  • exercise
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11
Q

Cellular processes are

A

•examines processes occurring in cells

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12
Q

Systemic physiology

A

•considers functions of organ systems

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13
Q

Neurophysiology

A

•focuses on nerve system

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14
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

•deals with the heart and blood vessels

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15
Q

Pathology

A

•deals with disease and disfunction

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16
Q

6 levels of organization

A
  • chemical
  • cellular
  • tissue
  • organ
  • organ system
  • organism
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17
Q

Chemical level of organization

A
  • interactions between atoms
  • makes molecules
  • function relates to structure
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18
Q

Cellular level of organization

A
  • basically structural and functional units of living organisms
  • molecules make up organelles, organelles make cells
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19
Q

Tissue level of organization

A
  • made of similar cells

* surrounding cells determine function of tissue

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20
Q

Organ level of organization

A

Tissue combine to create organ

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21
Q

Organ system level of organization

A

•organs combine to make organ system

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22
Q

Organism level of organization

A

•any living thing considered as a whole

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23
Q

6 characteristics of life

A
  • organization
  • metabolism
  • responsiveness
  • growth
  • development
  • reproduction
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24
Q

Organ systems of the body:

A
  • integumentary
  • skeletal
  • muscular
  • lymphatic
  • respiratory
  • digestive
  • nervous
  • endocrine
  • cardiovascular
  • urinary
  • reproductive
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25
Q

Integumentary

A

•skin: protection, prevents water loss

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26
Q

Skeletal

A

•protections and support

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27
Q

Muscular

A
  • produces body movements
  • maintains posture
  • produces body heat
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28
Q

Lymphatic

A

•removes foreign substances from the blood

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29
Q

Respiratory

A

•exchanged O2 and CO2 between blood and air

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30
Q

Digestive

A
  • chemical and mechanical processes of digestion
  • nutrients absorption
  • elimination of waste
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31
Q

Nervous

A
  • regulatory system
  • physiological processes
  • intellectual functions
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32
Q

Endocrine

A

•regulatory

Influences: metabolism, growth, reproduction

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33
Q

Cardiovascular

A
  • transports nutrients, waste, gases and hormones through body
  • immune response
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34
Q

Urinary

A
  • pH balance
  • ion balance
  • water balance
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35
Q

Female reproductive system

A
  • oocyte production

* site of fertilization and fetal development

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36
Q

Male reproductive system

A
  • sperm reproduction

* sperm transportation

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37
Q

Set point range

A

•ideal normal value that maintains homeostasis

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38
Q

Normal range

A

•fluctuation around the set point, maintaining homeostasis

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39
Q

Negative feedback

A

•brings values back to set point

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40
Q

Positive feedback

A
  • moves variable away from set point
  • responses aren’t homeostatic
  • positive implies when value deviates from norm, system makes deviation greater
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41
Q

Anatomical position

A
  • erect

* palms forward

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42
Q

Supine

A

•face up

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43
Q

Prone

A

•face down

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44
Q

Forehead

A

•frontal

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45
Q

Eye

A

Orbital

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46
Q

Nose

A

•nasal

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47
Q

Mouth

A

•oral

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48
Q

Ear

A

•otic

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49
Q

Cheek

A

Buccal

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50
Q

Chin

A

Mental

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51
Q

Neck

A

•cervical

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52
Q

Collarbone

A

•clavicular

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53
Q

Trunk

A

Thoracic

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54
Q

Chest

A

•pectoral

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55
Q

Breast

A

•mammary

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56
Q

Breastbone

A

•sternal

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57
Q

Abdomen

A

Abdominal

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58
Q

Navel

A

Umbilical

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59
Q

Pelvis

A

Pelvic

60
Q

Groin

A

Inguinal

61
Q

Genital

A

•pubic

62
Q

Armpit

A

•axillary

63
Q

Arm, bicep

A

•brachial

64
Q

Front of elbow

A

•Antecubital

65
Q

Forarm

A

•antebrachial

66
Q

Wrist

A

•carpal

67
Q

Palm

A

Palmar

68
Q

Finger

A

Digital

69
Q

Hand

A

Manual

70
Q

Hip

A

Coxal

71
Q

Thigh

A

Femoral

72
Q

Kneecap

A

Patellar

73
Q

Front leg/calf area

A

Crural

74
Q

Ankle

A

Talus

75
Q

Top of foot

A

Dorsum

76
Q

Toes

A

Digital

77
Q

Foot

A

Pedal

78
Q

Skull

A

Cranial

79
Q

Base of skull

A

Occipital

80
Q

Back of neck

A

Nuchal

81
Q

Shoulder blade

A

Scapular

82
Q

Spinal column

A

Vertebral

83
Q

Loin

A

Lumbar

84
Q

Between hips

A

Sacral

85
Q

Buttock

A

Gluteal

86
Q

Perineum

A

Perineal

87
Q

Point of shoulder

A

Acromial

88
Q

Point of elbow

A

•olecranon

89
Q

Back of hand

A

Dorsum

90
Q

Behind knee

A

Popliteal

91
Q

Calf

A

Sural

92
Q

Sole

A

Plantar

93
Q

Heel

A

Calcaneal

94
Q

Upper right abdominal region

A

•left hypochondriac

95
Q

Middle upper region of abdomen

A

Epigastric region

96
Q

Upper left abdominal region

A

•right hypochondriac region

97
Q

Middle right abdominal region

A

•left lumbar region

98
Q

Middle abdominal region

A

•umbilical region

99
Q

Left middle abdominal region

A

•right lumbar region

100
Q

Lower right abdominal region

A

Left iliac region

101
Q

Lower middle abdominal region

A

Hypogastric region

102
Q

Lower left region of abdominal

A

Right iliac region

103
Q

Cavities of the body

A
  • mediastinum
  • thoracic
  • abdominopelvic
104
Q

Mediastinum

A
  • esophagus
  • trachea
  • blood vessels
  • thymus
  • heart
105
Q

Thoracic

A

Lungs

106
Q

Lung cavity

A

Plural cavity

107
Q

Heart cavity

A

Pericardial cavity

108
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Peritoneal cavity

109
Q

Mesenteries

A
  • two layers of peritoneum

* connect visceral peritoneum of subabdominopelvic organs together

110
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Organs not connected by mesentaries

•attached to body wall

111
Q

Where is the peritoneal cavity?

A
  • between the visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum

* in abdominopelvic cavity

112
Q

Serious membranes

A
  • line the trunk cavities and cover organs
  • visceral is inner
  • parietal is outer
113
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

•around heart

114
Q

Pleural cavity

A
  • covers lungs
  • parietal pleura line inner surface thoracic wall, lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm
115
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • double layer assembled to make a lipid bilayer
  • polar hydrophilic head
  • nonpolar hydrophobic tail
116
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • 1/3 of lipid in membrane

* the amount of cholesterol determines fluid nature of membrane

117
Q

Plasma membrane

A

•forms outer boundary of cell, through which the cells interacts with its external environment

118
Q

Nucleus

A
  • directs cell activity
  • most of which happen in cell cytoplasm
  • organelles in plasma membrane
119
Q

3 functional characteristics of cells

A
  • metabolism and energy use
  • synthesis of molecules
  • communication
120
Q

Integral protein

A

•penetrate into bilayer

121
Q

Peripheral proteins

A
  • attached to either the inner or outer surface

* contain regions made of amino acids with hydrophilic R groups

122
Q

Market molecules

A

•allow cells to identify other cells or molecules

123
Q

Glycoproteins

A
  • market molecules

* proteins with attached carbohydrates

124
Q

Glycolipids

A
  • market molecules

* lipids with attached carbs

125
Q

Cadherins

A

•proteins that attach cells to cells

126
Q

Integrins

A

proteins that attach cells to extracellular molecules

127
Q

Leak ion channels

A

•always open

128
Q

Gated ion channels

A
  • can be opened or closed

* takes electrical or chemical signal

129
Q

Electrical signal used to open or close gated ion channel:

A

Ligand
•small proteins that bind to then protons or glycoproteins
•called ligand gated ion channels

130
Q

Passive transport

A
  • no energy necessary

* inc: uniport, symport, antiport

131
Q

Carrier proteins

A

•move ions or molecules from one side of plasma membrane to another

132
Q

Uniporter

A

•one specific type if membrane across membrane

133
Q

Symporter

A

•two ions on same direction

134
Q

Antiporter

A

•two different ions two directions

135
Q

Enzymes

A

•catalyze chemical reactions either inside or outside of the cell

136
Q

Active transport

A
  • need ATP

* ion pumps

137
Q

3 membrane rules

A
  • H20 gets across slowly
  • ions never cross
  • large molecules don’t stress
138
Q

Glycocalyx

A
  • identify function

* adhesion function

139
Q

Osmosis

A
  • diffusion of water over a selectively permeable membrane

* aquaporins (water channel proteins) increase membrane permeability

140
Q

Isotonic

A

•solute is equal In and outside of cell

141
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Placed in solution and water flows out of cell

•cell shrinks

142
Q

Hypotonic solution

A
  • placed into solution and water moves into cell
  • more solute in cell
  • cell expands
143
Q

Lysis

A

Ruptured cell, due to excess water

144
Q

Secondary active transport

A
  • active transport of ion out if cell
  • establishing a concentration gradient
  • the tendency for ions to move back in is greater
  • other ion uses that energy to re enter cell with ion
145
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

•supports cell and holds the nucleus and other organelles in place

146
Q

Microtubules

A 
•cell support and structure to cytoplasm
"Internal scaffolding"
•involved in cell division
•transport of intercellular materials 
•form essential components of certain cell organelles ex; spindle fibers, cilia and flagella
147
Q

Actin filaments

A
  • structure to cytoplasm
  • mechanical support for microvilli
  • support plasma membrane
  • define the shape of cell
148
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Mechanical strength for cells

A&P 1 Lecture (2 decks)

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