Chapter 1 vocab

Question 1

Adversarial system

Answer 1

The judicial process when two opposing sides state their evidence to the jury or impartial judge who then determine guilt or innocence.

Question 2

Assizes

Answer 2

Travelling courts established by King Henry II to increase fairness and consistency across villages when determining local disputes.

Question 3

Case Law / Common Law

Answer 3

Case Law is a way of making decisions on cases based on past recorded decisions of similar cases. Common Law developed in British courts; it depends on Case Law and is common to all.

Question 4

Circuit judges

Answer 4

Judges of travelling courts in King Henry II’s time.

Question 5

Code of Hammurabi

Answer 5

One of the earliest known pieces of written (codifed) law. This piece of law was written by King Hammurabi of Babylon and penalties were based on retribution and restitution. King attributed his laws to the gods to get compliance.

Question 6

Code of Li K’ vei

Answer 6

They were a set of Chinese laws written around the year 350 BC and focused on theft, robbery, prison and arrest.

Question 7

Codified

Answer 7

The process of arranging and recording systematically.

Question 8

Divine right

Answer 8

The belief that monarchs and their successors derived their power to rule from God and therefore, they were above the law and only God held power over monarchs.

Question 9

Great laws of Manu

Answer 9

Indian laws written between 1280 and 880 BCE. Before, the set of laws had been passed orally.

Question 10

Habeas Corpus

Answer 10

An order by the court to prevent unjust arrest by making sure that anyone arrested is charged before the court within a reasonable period of time to determine if the charge is valid. It is part of the Magna Carta and also, now part of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Question 11

Justinian’s Code

Answer 11

Justinian I described and organized Roman law. Modern concept of justice. Formed basis of civil law - law governing personal relationships.

Question 12

Magna Carta

Answer 12

This was a document of political and civil rights. It was signed in 1215 in England by King John at Runnymede, England. It recognized Rule of Law - equality of all before the law even the king or others who enforced the laws. No one was above the law. Established basic rights for all individuals of England.

Question 13

Mosaic Law / 10 Commandments

Answer 13

Mosaic Law was biblical or Hebrew law found in the Book of Exodus in the Old Testament. The Ten Commandments were a set of laws given to Moses on Mount Sinai to guide the Hebrew people and is a form of Mosaic Law. Mosaic Law was written about 500 years after Hammurabi’s death, but shares similar ideas.

Question 14

Napoleonic Code

Answer 14

France’s civil law that was completed in 1804 (known also as the French Civil Code). The code oversaw civil issues such as property, wills, contracts and family law.

Question 15

Quebec Civil Code

Answer 15

The system of law used in Quebec to settle private matters arising from Romans.

Question 16

Restitution

Answer 16

It is payment made by the perpetrator to the victim of the crime e.g., Hammurabi’s Laws where property was damaged or theft occurred used restitution.

Question 17

Retribution

Answer 17

Justice based on punishment and revenge of one’s actions e.g., Hammurabi’s Laws where “eye for an eye” justice occurred and no distinction was made between accident and purposeful or deliberate action.

Question 18

Rule of Law

Answer 18

A pillar of justice stating that law is necessary to govern society; law is applicable equally to everyone including those in positions of power e.g., judges, heads of state, politicians, police; and people are not governed by arbitrary power that can take away our rights except as the law states.

Question 19

Rule of precedent

Answer 19

Making a decision regarding a case based on a previous case that had similar circumstances. Stare decisis evolved into rule of precedent of today.

Question 20

Stare decisis

Answer 20

A Latin phrase meaning “to stand by the decision.” Written reports of previous decisions created a precedent which judges could follow if circumstances and facts were similar.

Question 21

The Great Binding Law (Gayanashagowa)

Answer 21

The Iroquois Confederacy’s constitution. In 1450, five First Nations - Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, Oneida and Cayuga - created League of Nations or Iroquois Confederacy. In 1720, the Confederacy also included Tuscarora and then was renamed the Six Nations.

Question 22

Trial by combat

Answer 22

Parties fighting in a duel to determine guilt or innocence. Established after Norman invasion 1066. Fatal assumption was that God would side with the innocent and they would win. Not a great idea as the weakest would likely lose, not necessarily the innocent.

Question 23

Trial by oath helping

Answer 23

A requirement of friends of the accused to swear on the bible that he or she was innocent. Also known as compurgation, or “to purify with”. If they did, the accused was let go. May seem like a bad idea (bad people being given an easy way out) but the people who swore the oath feared that God would strike them down, so justice may have been better served than one might think.

Question 24

Trial by ordeal

Answer 24

Individuals would be tortured to decide if they were guilty or innocent. God was viewed as deciding whether someone was guilty or innocent as God would not permit an innocent person to perish. Evil would not win over good. Only used when death was a penalty. Examples include cruel trials by hot iron, hot water or cold water.

Question 25

Adversarial system

Answer 25

The judicial process when two opposing sides state their evidence to the jury or impartial judge who then determine guilt or innocence.

Question 26

Assizes

Answer 26

Travelling courts established by King Henry II to increase fairness and consistency across villages when determining local disputes.

Question 27

Case Law / Common Law

Answer 27

Case Law is a way of making decisions on cases based on past recorded decisions of similar cases. Common Law developed in British courts; it depends on Case Law and is common to all.

Question 28

Circuit judges

Answer 28

Judges of travelling courts in King Henry II’s time.

Question 29

Code of Hammurabi

Answer 29

One of the earliest known pieces of written (codifed) law. This piece of law was written by King Hammurabi of Babylon and penalties were based on retribution and restitution. King attributed his laws to the gods to get compliance.

Question 30

Code of Li K’ vei

Answer 30

They were a set of Chinese laws written around the year 350 BC and focused on theft, robbery, prison and arrest.

Question 31

Codified

Answer 31

The process of arranging and recording systematically.

Question 32

Divine right

Answer 32

The belief that monarchs and their successors derived their power to rule from God and therefore, they were above the law and only God held power over monarchs.

Question 33

Great laws of Manu

Answer 33

Indian laws written between 1280 and 880 BCE. Before, the set of laws had been passed orally.

Question 34

Habeas Corpus

Answer 34

An order by the court to prevent unjust arrest by making sure that anyone arrested is charged before the court within a reasonable period of time to determine if the charge is valid. It is part of the Magna Carta and also, now part of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Question 35

Justinian’s Code

Answer 35

Justinian I described and organized Roman law. Modern concept of justice. Formed basis of civil law - law governing personal relationships.

Question 36

Magna Carta

Answer 36

This was a document of political and civil rights. It was signed in 1215 in England by King John at Runnymede, England. It recognized Rule of Law - equality of all before the law even the king or others who enforced the laws. No one was above the law. Established basic rights for all individuals of England.

Question 37

Mosaic Law / 10 Commandments

Answer 37

Mosaic Law was biblical or Hebrew law found in the Book of Exodus in the Old Testament. The Ten Commandments were a set of laws given to Moses on Mount Sinai to guide the Hebrew people and is a form of Mosaic Law. Mosaic Law was written about 500 years after Hammurabi’s death, but shares similar ideas.

Question 38

Napoleonic Code

Answer 38

France’s civil law that was completed in 1804 (known also as the French Civil Code). The code oversaw civil issues such as property, wills, contracts and family law.

Question 39

Quebec Civil Code

Answer 39

The system of law used in Quebec to settle private matters arising from Romans.

Question 40

Restitution

Answer 40

It is payment made by the perpetrator to the victim of the crime e.g., Hammurabi’s Laws where property was damaged or theft occurred used restitution.

Question 41

Retribution

Answer 41

Justice based on punishment and revenge of one’s actions e.g., Hammurabi’s Laws where “eye for an eye” justice occurred and no distinction was made between accident and purposeful or deliberate action.

Question 42

Rule of Law

Answer 42

A pillar of justice stating that law is necessary to govern society; law is applicable equally to everyone including those in positions of power e.g., judges, heads of state, politicians, police; and people are not governed by arbitrary power that can take away our rights except as the law states.

Question 43

Rule of precedent

Answer 43

Making a decision regarding a case based on a previous case that had similar circumstances. Stare decisis evolved into rule of precedent of today.

Question 44

Stare decisis

Answer 44

A Latin phrase meaning “to stand by the decision.” Written reports of previous decisions created a precedent which judges could follow if circumstances and facts were similar.

Question 45

The Great Binding Law (Gayanashagowa)

Answer 45

The Iroquois Confederacy’s constitution. In 1450, five First Nations - Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, Oneida and Cayuga - created League of Nations or Iroquois Confederacy. In 1720, the Confederacy also included Tuscarora and then was renamed the Six Nations.

Question 46

Trial by combat

Answer 46

Parties fighting in a duel to determine guilt or innocence. Established after Norman invasion 1066. Fatal assumption was that God would side with the innocent and they would win. Not a great idea as the weakest would likely lose, not necessarily the innocent.

Question 47

Trial by oath helping

Answer 47

A requirement of friends of the accused to swear on the bible that he or she was innocent. Also known as compurgation, or “to purify with”. If they did, the accused was let go. May seem like a bad idea (bad people being given an easy way out) but the people who swore the oath feared that God would strike them down, so justice may have been better served than one might think.

Question 48

Trial by ordeal

Answer 48

Individuals would be tortured to decide if they were guilty or innocent. God was viewed as deciding whether someone was guilty or innocent as God would not permit an innocent person to perish. Evil would not win over good. Only used when death was a penalty. Examples include cruel trials by hot iron, hot water or cold water.