Chapter 1 vocab Flashcards
The sum of all processes involved in how organisms obtain nutrients, metabolize them, and use them to support all of life’s processes.
Nutrition
The capacity of a body or physical system for doing work. There are two fundamental forms: kinetic and potential.
Energy
A class of nutrients containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; most are commonly known as sugar, starches or dietary fibers.
Carbohydrates
A class of nutrients containing carbon, hydrogen, a little oxygen, and some other atoms. Commonly known as fats that include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
Lipids
The universal chemical solvent in which most of the processes of life occur.
Water
Elements used in the body to promote chemical reactions and help form body structures.
Minerals
A fundamental unit of energy, equal to 4.1855 joule; 1000 calories equals 1 kcal.
Calorie
The standard unit of energy used in nutrition; the amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 kg water 1℃ .
Kilocalorie
An essential nutrient that is needed by the body in large amounts
Macronutrient
Carbohydrates known as sugars that contain monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Simple Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates known as large sugar molecules linked together in straight or branching chains that include oligosaccharides, starches and fibers.
Complex Carbohydrates
A disaccharide made of glucose linked to fructose and commonly known as table sugar.
Sucrose
A type of carbohydrate that is indigestible and cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes.
Fiber
Protein molecules that speed up or accelerate specific chemical reactions without changing themselves.
Enzymes
The storage form of a complex carbohydrate composed of multiple units of glucose linked together in a highly branched structure.
Glycogen
A class of compounds composed of linked amino acids. They contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sometimes other atoms in specific configurations.
Protein
A substance in food that can provide energy, contribute to body structure, and/or regulate body processes.
Nutrient
An essential nutrient that is needed by the body in small amounts. These include vitamins and minerals.
Micronutrient
Chemicals required for enzymes to perform their acts of catalysts.
Cofactors
A chemical group that bind to enzymes and assists in enzymatic catalysis.
Coenzyme
Essential minerals required in the diet in an amount of 100 mg per day or less.
Trace Minerals
Minerals present in the body at concentrations of more than 50 ppm or 0.005% of body weight.
Macrominerals
A highly reactive atom or molecule that causes oxidative damage.
Free Radical
Pantothenic Acid
One of the B vitamins needed for energy metabolism.
Biotin
A B vitamin that is needed for energy metabolism.
An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to support and regulate the chemical reactions and processes needed for growth, reproduction, and the maintenance of health.
Vitamin
A disease caused by niacin deficiency, characterized by inflammation of the skin, diarrhea, and eventually mental incapacity.
Pellagra
The deterioration of an individual’s mental state that results in impaired memory, thinking, and judgement.
Dementia
A disease caused by a vitamin C deficiency characterized by bleeding gums, tooth loss, joint pain, bleeding into the skin and mucous membrane, and fatigue.
Scurvy
A condition due to a deficiency in vitamin A where the eye recovers very slowly from exposure to bright light.
Night Blindness
A disease that is characterized by softening of the bones due to poor calcium deposition within them because of a lack of vitamin D in the body.
Rickets
Thiamin (B1) function
Coenzyme, energy metabolism assistance
Riboflavin (B2 ) function
Coenzyme, energy metabolism assistance
Niacin (B3) function
Coenzyme, energy metabolism assistance
Pantothenic acid (B5) function
Coenzyme, energy metabolism assistance
Pyridoxine (B6) function
Coenzyme, amino acid synthesis assistance
Biotin (B7) Function
Coenzyme, amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
Folate (B9) function
Coenzyme, essential for growth
Cobalamin (B12) function
Coenzyme, red blood cell synthesis
C (ascorbic acid) function
Collagen synthesis, antioxidant
Vitamin A function
Vision, reproduction, immune system function
Vitamin D Function
Bone and teeth health maintenance, immune system function
Vitamin E function
Antioxidant, cell membrane protection
Vitamin K function
Bone and teeth health maintenance, blood clotting
Food that is high in nutrients but relatively low in calories
Nutrient-dense
Micro- (μ)
1/1,000,000th (one millionth)
Milli- (m)
1/1000th (one thousandth)
Centi- (c)
1/100th (one hundredth)
Deci- (d)
1/10th (one tenth)
Kilo- (k)
1000x (one thousand times)
In addition to nutrition, health is affected by
genetics, the environment, life cycle, and lifestyle. One facet of lifestyle is your dietary habits.
The HHS reports that there is strong evidence that increased physical activity decreases the risk of
early death, heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain cancers; prevents weight gain and falls; and improves cognitive function in the elderly.
consuming alcohol in moderation has been found to promote health such as
reducing the risk for heart disease and Type 2 diabetes in some people.
defines drinking in moderation as
no more than one drink a day for women and two drinks a day for men[5].
The health effects of drug abuse can be far-reaching, including
increased risk of stroke, heart disease, cancer, lung disease, and liver disease
Scientific studies have shown that insufficient sleep increases the risk for
heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and depression
Lacto-ovo vegetarian.
This is the most common form. This type of vegetarian diet includes the animal foods eggs and dairy products.
Lacto-vegetarian
includes dairy products but not eggs.
Ovo-vegetarian.
diet includes eggs but not dairy products.
vegan
diet does not include dairy, eggs, or any type of animal product or animal by-product.
five key factors that make up a healthful diet
1) adequate in essential nutrient, fiber and calories.
2) Balanced
3) Calorie: energy ratio
4) moderation
5) variety
Adequacy
nutrient-dense foods
Balance
not consuming one nutrient at the expense of another.
order of scientific method
1) ask Question
2) Background research
3) form Hypothesis
4) test hypothesis
5) analyze data
6) determine conclusion
evidence based approach to nutrition
1)Defining the problem or uncertainty
2) Setting criteria for quality evidence
3) Evaluating the body of evidence
4) Summarizing the body of evidence and making decisions
5) Specifying the strength of the supporting evidence required to make decisions
6) Disseminating the findings
Epidemiological research description
Observational study of populations around the world and the impact of nutrition on health.
Diets with a high consumption of saturated fat are associated with an increased risk of heart attack is an example of why type of research?
Epidemiological research
this type of research Does not determine cause-and-effect relationships.
Epidemiological research
Intervention Clinical Trial research description
Scientific investigations where a variable is changed between groups.
Testing the effect of different diets on blood pressure. One group consumes an American diet, group 2 eats a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, and group 3 eats a combination of groups 1 and 2. is an example of what type of reseach
Intervention Clinical Trial
If done correctly, this type of research does determine cause-and-effect relationships.
Intervention Clinical Trials
Randomized Clinical Trials
Participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. Neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group a participant is assigned.
Testing the effect of calcium supplements on women with osteoporosis. Participants are given a pill daily of a placebo or calcium supplement. Neither the participant nor the researcher know what group the participant is in. is an example of what type of research
Randomized Clinical Trials
this type of research is Considered the “gold” standard for scientific studies.
Randomized Clinical Trials
Animal and Cellular Biology
studies are conducted on animals or on cells.
Testing the effects of a new blood pressure drug on guinea pigs or on the lipid membrane of a cell. is an example of
Animal and Cellular Biology
this type of research is Less expensive than human trials. Study is not on whole humans so it may be not applicable.
Animal and Cellular Biology
ABCD method for Nutritional assessment
A. Anthropometry
B. Biochemical methods
C. Clinical methods
D. Dietary methods
Anthropometry methods of assessing nutritional status
assesses human growth and measurements.
Biochemical methods of assessing nutritional status
measuring a nutrient or its metabolite in the blood, feces, urine or other tissues that have a relationship with the nutrient.
Clinical methods of assessing nutritional status
looking at past or current intakes of nutrients from food by individuals or a group to determine their nutritional status.
a) 24 hour recall
b)Food frequency questionnaire
c) Food Diary
d) Observed food consumption
nutritional genetics / nutrigenomics
new area of nutritional science aims to identify what nutrients to eat to “turn on” healthy genes and “turn off” genes that cause disease
Sodium
Fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction
Chloride
Fluid balance, stomach acid production
Potassium
Fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contract
Calcium
Bone and teeth health maintenance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting
Phosphorus
Bone and teeth health maintenance, acid-base balance
Magnesium
Protein production, nerve transmission, muscle contraction
Sulfur
Protein production
Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, and Sulfur are all examples of
macro minerals
Iron
Carries oxygen, assists in energy production
Zinc
Protein and DNA production, wound healing, growth, immune system function
Iodine
Thyroid hormone production, growth, metabolism
Selenium
Antioxidant
Copper
Coenzyme, iron metabolism
Manganese
Coenzyme
Fluoride
Bone and teeth health maintenance, tooth decay prevention
Chromium
Assists insulin in glucose metabolism
Molybdenum
Coenzyme
function of Protein
Necessary for tissue formation, cell reparation, and hormone and enzyme production. It is essential for building strong muscles and a healthy immune system.
function of Carbohydrates
Provide a ready source of energy for the body and provide structural constituents for the formation of cells.
function of fat
Provides stored energy for the body, functions as structural components of cells and also as signaling molecules for proper cellular communication. It provides insulation to vital organs and works to maintain body temperature.
function of Vitamins
Regulate body processes and promote normal body-system functions.
function of minerals
Regulate body processes, are necessary for proper cellular function, and comprise body tissue.
function of water
Transports essential nutrients to all body parts, transports waste products for disposal, and aids with body temperature maintenance.
ounces (oz) = grams (g)
1 oz = 28.35 g
pounds (lbs) = Ounces (oz)
1 lb = 16 oz
pounds (lbs) = grams (g)
1 lb = 454 g
kilogram (kg) = pounds (lbs)
1 kg = 2.2 lbs
teaspoon = milliliter
1 tsp = 5 mL
tablespoon = teaspoon = milliliter
1 tbsp = 3 tsp = 15 mL
fluid oz = tablespoon = milliliter
1 fl oz = 2 tbsp = 30 mL
cup= fluid oz = milliliter
1 c = 8 fl oz = 237 mL
pint = cup = fluid oz
1 pt = 2 c = 16 fl oz
gallon = quart
1 gal = 4 qt
inch = millimeter
1 in = 25.4 mm
foot = centimeter
1 ft= 30.5 cm
yard = meter
1 yd = 0.9 m
mile = kilometer
1 mi = 1.6 km
