Chapter 1 Vocab Flashcards
3 domains of life
archaea, bacteria, eukarya
Eukaryote
A cell that CONTAINS a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that LACKS a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Organotroph obtain energy by…
feeding off living things or organic material
Lithotroph obtain energy by…
converting INORGANIC CHEMICALS into ORGANIC MATERIALS
Phototroph obtain energy by…
using sunlight to convert INORGANIC SUBSTANCES into ORGANIC MATERIALS.
Gene family
the set of genes in an organism related in DNA sequence due to their derivation from the same ancestor
Gene duplication
an existing gene can be accidentally DUPLICATED so as to create a pair of initially identical genes WITHIN A SINGLE CELL; these two genes may then diverge in the course of evolution
Gene divergence (Intragenic mutation)
an existing gene can be randomly MODIFIED by changes in its DNA sequence, through various types of error that occur mainly in the process of DNA replication
Horizontal gene transfer
gene transfer between bacteria via natural transformation by released naked DNA, transduction by bacteriophages, or sexual exchange by conjugation
DNA segment shuffling
two or more existing genes can break and rejoin to make a hybrid gene consisting of DNA segments that originally belonged to separate genes
Horizontal transfer
a piece of DNA can be transferred from a genome of one cell to that of another–even to that of another species
Homolog
one of two or more genes that are similar in sequence as a RESULT OF DERIVATION FROM THE SAME ANCESTRAL GENE. (the term covers both orthologs and paralogs)
Paralog
genes or proteins that are similar in sequence because THEY ARE THE RESULT OF A GENE DUPLICATION EVEN OCCURRING IN AN ANCESTRAL ORGANISM.
Ortholog
genes or proteins from different species that are similar in sequence because THEY ARE DECEDENTS OF THE SAME GENE IN THE LAST COMMON ANCESTOR OF THOSE SPECIES.
