Chapter 1 Vocab

Question 1

affluence

Answer 1

Wealth that results in high levels of consumption and unnecessary waste of resources, based mostly on the assumption that buying more and more material goods will bring fulfillment and happiness.

Question 2

biodiversity

Answer 2

Variety of different species (species diversity), genetic variability among individuals within each species (genetic diversity), variety of ecosystems (ecological diversity), and functions such as energy flow and matter cycling needed for the survival of species and biological communities (functional diversity).

Question 3

chemical cycling

Answer 3

The continual cycling of chemicals necessary for life through natural processes such as the water cycle and feeding interactions; processes that evolved due to the fact that the earth gets essentially no new inputs of these chemicals.

Question 4

doubling time

Answer 4

Time it takes (usually in years) for the quantity of something growing exponentially to double. It can be calculated by dividing the annual percentage growth rate into 70.

Question 5

ecological footprint

Answer 5

Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply a population with the renewable resources it uses and to absorb or dispose of the wastes from such resource use. It is a measure of the average environmental impact of populations in different countries and areas. See per capita ecological footprint.

Question 6

ecology

Answer 6

Biological science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment; study of the structure and functions of nature.

Question 7

ecosystem

Answer 7

One or more communities of different species interacting with one another and with the chemical and physical factors making up their nonliving environment.

Question 8

ecosystem services

Answer 8

Natural services or natural capital that support life on the earth and are essential to the quality of human life and the functioning of the world’s economies. Examples are the chemical cycles, natural pest control, and natural purification of air and water. See natural resources.

Question 9

environment

Answer 9

All external conditions, factors, matter, and energy, living and nonliving, that affect any living organism or other specified system.

Question 10

environmental degradation

Answer 10

Depletion or destruction of a potentially renewable resource such as soil, grassland, forest, or wildlife that is used faster than it is naturally replenished. If such use continues, the resource becomes nonrenewable (on a human time scale) or nonexistent (extinct). See also sustainable yield.

Question 11

environmental ethics

Answer 11

Human beliefs about what is right or wrong with how we treat the environment.

Question 12

environmental science

Answer 12

Interdisciplinary study that uses information and ideas from the physical sciences (such as biology, chemistry, and geology) with those from the social sciences and humanities (such as economics, politics, and ethics) to learn how nature works, how we interact with the environment, and how we can to help deal with environmental problems.

Question 13

environmental wisdom worldview

Answer 13

Worldview holding that humans are part of and totally dependent on nature and that nature exists for all species, not just for us. Our success depends on learning how the earth sustains itself and integrating such environmental wisdom into the ways we think and act. Compare frontier worldview, planetary management worldview, stewardship worldview.

Question 14

environmental worldview

Answer 14

Set of assumptions and beliefs about how people think the world works, what they think their role in the world should be, and what they believe is right and wrong environmental behavior (environmental ethics). See environmental wisdom worldview, frontier worldview, planetary management worldview, stewardship worldview.

Question 15

exhaustible resource

Answer 15

Resource that exists in a fixed amount (stock) in the earth’s crust and has the potential for renewal by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place over hundreds of millions to billions of years. Examples include copper, aluminum, coal, and oil. We classify these resources as exhaustible because we are extracting and using them at a much faster rate than they are formed. Compare renewable resource. See nonrenewable resource.

Question 16

exponential growth

Answer 16

Growth in which some quantity, such as population size or economic output, increases at a constant rate per unit of time. An example is the growth sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and so on, which increases by 100% at each interval. When the increase in quantity over time is plotted, this type of growth yields a curve shaped like the letter J. Compare linear growth.

Question 17

full-cost pricing

Answer 17

Finding ways to include the harmful environmental and health costs of producing and using goods in their market prices. See external cost, internal cost.

Question 18

hunter gatherers

Answer 18

People who get their food by gathering edible wild plants and other materials and by hunting wild animals and catching fish.

Question 19

inexhaustible resource

Answer 19

Essentially inexhaustible resource on a human time scale because it is renewed continuously. Solar energy is an example. Compare nonrenewable resource, renewable resource. See perpetual resource. Compare nonrenewable resource, renewable resource.

Question 20

input pollution control

Answer 20

Device, process, or strategy used to prevent a potential pollutant from forming or entering the environment or to sharply reduce the amount entering the environment. Compare pollution cleanup. See pollution prevention.

Question 21

less-developed country

Answer 21

Country that has low to moderate industrialization and low to moderate per capita GDP. Most are located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Compare more-developed country.

Question 22

malnutrition

Answer 22

Faulty nutrition, caused by a diet that does not supply an individual with enough protein, essential fats, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients needed for good health. Compare overnutrition, chronic undernutrition. See chronic malnutrition.

Question 23

more-developed country

Answer 23

Country that is highly industrialized and has a high per capita GDP. Compare less-developed country.

Question 24

natural capital

Answer 24

Natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies. See natural resources, natural services.

Question 25

natural capital degradation

Answer 25

Depletion or destruction of a potentially renewable resource such as soil, grassland, forest, or wildlife that is used faster than it is naturally replenished. If such use continues, the resource becomes nonrenewable (on a human time scale) or nonexistent (extinct). See also sustainable yield. See environmental degradation.

Question 26

natural income

Answer 26

Renewable resources such as plants, animals, and soil provided by natural capital.

Question 27

natural resources

Answer 27

Materials such as air, water, and soil and energy in nature that are essential or useful to humans. See natural capital.

Question 28

natural services

Answer 28

Processes of nature, such as purification of air and water and pest control, which support life and human economies. See natural capital.

Question 29

nonpoint sources

Answer 29

Broad and diffuse areas, rather than points, from which pollutants enter bodies of surface water or air. Examples include runoff of chemicals and sediments from cropland, livestock feedlots, logged forests, urban streets, parking lots, lawns, and golf courses. Compare point source.

Question 30

nonrenewable resource

Answer 30

Resource that exists in a fixed amount (stock) in the earth’s crust and has the potential for renewal by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place over hundreds of millions to billions of years. Examples include copper, aluminum, coal, and oil. We classify these resources as exhaustible because we are extracting and using them at a much faster rate than they are formed. Compare renewable resource.

Question 31

nutrient

Answer 31

Any chemical an organism must take in to live, grow, or reproduce.

Question 32

nutrient cycling

Answer 32

nutrient cycling
The circulation of chemicals necessary for life, from the environment (mostly from soil and water) through organisms and back to the environment.

Question 33

open-access renewable resource

Answer 33

Renewable resource owned by no one and available for use by anyone at little or no charge. Examples include clean air, underground water supplies, the open ocean and its fish, and the ozone layer. Compare common-property resource.

Question 34

organism

Answer 34

Any form of life.

Question 35

output pollution control

Answer 35

Device or process that removes or reduces the level of a pollutant after it has been produced or has entered the environment. Examples include automobile emission control devices and sewage treatment plants. Compare pollution prevention. See pollution cleanup.

Question 36

per capita ecological footprint

Answer 36

Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply each person or population with the renewable resources they use and to absorb or dispose of the wastes from such resource use. It measures the average environmental impact of individuals or populations in different countries and areas. Compare ecological footprint.

Question 37

planetary management worldview

Answer 37

Worldview holding that humans are separate from nature, that nature exists mainly to meet our needs and increasing wants, and that we can use our ingenuity and technology to manage the earth’s life-support systems, mostly for our benefit. It assumes that economic growth is unlimited. Compare environmental wisdom worldview, stewardship worldview.

Question 38

point source

Answer 38

Single identifiable source that discharges pollutants into the environment. Examples include the smokestack of a power plant or an industrial plant, drainpipe of a meatpacking plant, chimney of a house, or exhaust pipe of an automobile. Compare nonpoint source.

Question 39

pollutant

Answer 39

Particular chemical or form of energy that can adversely affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms. See pollution.

Question 40

pollution

Answer 40

Undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of air, water, soil, or food that can adversely affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.

Question 41

pollution cleanup

Answer 41

Device or process that removes or reduces the level of a pollutant after it has been produced or has entered the environment. Examples include automobile emission control devices and sewage treatment plants. Compare pollution prevention.

Question 42

pollution prevention

Answer 42

Device, process, or strategy used to prevent a potential pollutant from forming or entering the environment or to sharply reduce the amount entering the environment. Compare pollution cleanup.

Question 43

poverty

Answer 43

Inability of people to meet their basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter.

Question 44

recycle

Answer 44

To collect and reprocess a resource so that it can be made into new products; one of the four R’s of resource use. An example is collecting aluminum cans, melting them down, and using the aluminum to make new cans or other aluminum products. See primary recycling, secondary recycling. Compare reduce and reuse.

Question 45

renewable resource

Answer 45

Resource that can be replenished rapidly (hours to several decades) through natural processes as long as it is not used up faster than it is replaced. Examples include trees in forests, grasses in grasslands, wild animals, fresh surface water in lakes and streams, most groundwater, fresh air, and fertile soil. If such a resource is used faster than it is replenished, it can be depleted and converted into a nonrenewable resource. Compare nonrenewable resource and perpetual resource. See also environmental degradation.

Question 46

resource

Answer 46

Anything obtained from the environment to meet human needs and wants. It can also be applied to other species.

Question 47

reuse

Answer 47

To use a product over and over again in the same form. An example is collecting, washing, and refilling glass beverage bottles. One of the 4 Rs. Compare recycle, reduce, and refuse.

Question 48

rule of 70

Answer 48

Doubling time (in years) = 70/(percentage growth rate). See doubling time, exponential growth.

Question 49

scientific principles of sustainability

Answer 49

To live more sustainably we need to rely on solar energy, preserve biodiversity, and recycle the chemicals that we use. These three principles of sustainability are scientific lessons from nature based on observing how life on the earth has survived and thrived for 3.5 billion years. See biodiversity, chemical cycling, solar energy. Compare social science principles of sustainability.

Question 50

social science principles of sustainability

Answer 50

To live more sustainably we (1) need to include the harmful health and environmental costs of producing the goods and services in their market prices (full-cost pricing), (2) learn to work together to focus on solutions to environmental problems that will benefit the largest number of people and the environment now and in the future (win-win solutions), and (3) accept our responsibility to future generations to leave the planet’s life-support systems in at least as good a shape as what we now enjoy (responsibility to future generations).

Question 51

solar energy

Answer 51

Direct radiant energy from the sun and a number of indirect forms of energy produced by the direct input of such radiant energy. Principal indirect forms of solar energy include wind, falling and flowing water (hydropower), and biomass (solar energy converted into chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of organic compounds in trees and other plants)?none of which would exist without direct solar energy.

Question 52

species

Answer 52

Group of similar organisms, and for sexually reproducing organisms, they are a set of individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring. Every organism is a member of a certain species.

Question 53

stewardship worldview

Answer 53

Worldview holding that we can manage the earth for our benefit but that we have an ethical responsibility to be caring and responsible managers, or stewards, of the earth. It calls for encouraging environmentally beneficial forms of economic growth and discouraging environmentally harmful forms. Compare worldview, environmental wisdom worldview, planetary management worldview.

Question 54

sustainability

Answer 54

Ability of earth’s various systems, including human cultural systems and economies, to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely.

Question 55

sustainability revolution

Answer 55

Major cultural change in which people learn how to reduce their ecological footprints and live more sustainably, largely by copying nature and using the six principles of sustainability to guide their lifestyles and economies. See principles of sustainability.

Question 56

sustainable yield (sustained yield)

Answer 56

Highest rate at which a potentially renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply. See also environmental degradation.

Question 57

tragedy of the commons

Answer 57

Depletion or degradation of a potentially renewable resource to which people have free and unmanaged access. An example is the depletion of commercially desirable fish species in the open ocean beyond areas controlled by coastal countries. See common-property resource, open-access renewable resource.