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Forensic Psychology > Chapter 1 - Theories Of Offending > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Theories Of Offending Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a theory?

A

Plausible or scientifically acceptable set of principles

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2
Q

Name the 5 theories of offending

A
  1. Attachment theory
  2. Personality theory
  3. Social learning theory
  4. Lifestyle theory
  5. ICAP theory
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3
Q

What does the attachment theory state?

A

We have innate biological needs to maintain contact with PCG.

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4
Q

What does early maternal deprivation lead to?

A

Emotional detachment (cold)

Separation anxiety (emotional)

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5
Q

What does the attachment theory state about offenders?

A

Those separated at early stages are more likely to convict

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6
Q

What was found in terms of conviction rates and separation from PCG?

A

Those who lived with their mothers (father’s died) had lower conviction rates than those who lives with no relatives at all (highest conviction rates).

Shows a loving mother might be able to compensate.

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7
Q

Offenders tend to have what types of attachment?

A

Insecure, anxious and avoidant

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8
Q

What does the personality theory state?

A

Committing crimes was a rational, hedonistic act to strive towards pleasure

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9
Q

According to the Personality theory, what prevents us from committing crimes?

A

Conscience

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10
Q

What is a conscience?

A

A conditioned fear response depending on conditioning ability

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11
Q

What does behaviour depend on?

A

Consistency in behaviour - personality mediates between genetics and environment

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12
Q

What does the Personality theory say about the conditioning of offenders?

A

Poor conditioning ability - not built up strong enough consciences

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13
Q

What 3 dimensions did Eysenck find in personality?

A 
High extroversion (E)
High neuroticism (N)
Psychoticism (P)
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14
Q

What is High E

A

High extroversion - low levels of cortical arousal

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15
Q

What is high N

A

High neuroticism - high resting levels of anxiety

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16
Q

What is P?

A

Psychoticism - traits typical of criminals (low empathy, impulsiveness)

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17
Q

What does SLT state?

A

Focuses on interaction between parent and child: actions that are rewarded are more frequent / actions punished should occur less

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18
Q

What does SLT state about offenders?

A

Parents fail to tell their children how to behave appropriately.

Coercive parenting.

Operant conditioning —> positive reinforcement —> observing and imitation

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19
Q

What are the 4 stages of social learning?

A

Attention
Retention
Motivation
Reproduction

20
Q

What is the most important child rearing method in regards to offending?

A

Poor parental supervision

21
Q

What type of parenting predicts offending?

A

Harsh/erratic and inconsistent discipline

22
Q

What did Patterson develop to overcome ASB in children?

A

Parental management training

23
Q

What does the Lifestyle Theory aim to do?

A

Explain the development of a criminal lifestyle

24
Q

What are the 4 factors in developing a criminal lifestyle?

A

Social rule breaking
Self-indulgence
Irresponsibility
Interpersonal intrusiveness

25
Q

What does Walters’ functional model explain?

A

How criminal lifestyle develops:

Hedonistic motivation
Excitement seeking
Desire for personal advantage
Defensive reactions of fears/threats

26
Q

What does Walters’ change model explain?

A

How people give up criminal lifestyle.

Changes in self-concept
Taking responsibility
Increased confidence
Increase empathy

27
Q

What are the 5 internal factors to stop offending (lifestyle theory)?

A
  1. Shifting from selfish to considerate
  2. Developing social values/behaviours
  3. Considerate to other members of the community
  4. Meaning given to life
28
Q

What are the 4 processss of cognitive transformation (lifestyle theory)?

A
  1. Must be open to change
  2. Expose themselves to social interactions
  3. Create new pro social identity
  4. Shift perception of criminal lifestyle
29
Q

What does ICAP stand for

A

Integrated cognitive antisocial potential

30
Q

What is ICAP based on?

A

Antisocial potential

Early risk factors increase AP

31
Q

What does AP depend on for form ASB?

A

Cognitive processes:

Cognition
Victims
Opportunity

32
Q

What does LT AP depend on?

A

Impulsiveness
Modelling
Socialisation processes
Life events

33
Q

What is the most important risk factor for LT AP?

A

Hyperactivity - impulsivity - attention deficit

34
Q

What are ST AP factors?

A

Motivating factors

Situational factors

35
Q

What is psychopathy?

A

Personality disorder - complete disregard for other and lack of behavioural controls.

Unable to express remorse/guilt
Lack of anxiety

36
Q

What is used to measure psychopathy?

A

PCL-R (Hare, 2003)

37
Q

What is the UK threshold for psychopathy

A

< 30

38
Q

What does Factor 1 state in PCLR

A

Interpersonal features (glibness, grandiose, manipulative)

Affective features (lack of remorse, failure to accept responsibility)

39
Q

What does factor 2 state in PCLR?

A

Lifestyle features (prone to boredom)

Antisocial features (ASB early on)

40
Q

What 2 types of psychopathy are there?

A

Primary - low anxiety (factor 1)

Secondary - high anxiety (factor 2)

41
Q

What is cognitive empathy?

A

Ability to take another person’s perspective (breakdown - Autism)

42
Q

What is affective empathy?

A

Ability to feel what another person is feeling (breakdown - psychopath)

43
Q

What are the two types of aggression

A

Hot/ reactive (secondary)

Cold/ instrumental (primary)

44
Q

What is the neuropeptide related to psychopathy

A

Oxytocin

45
Q

What does increasing oxytocin do?

A

Resulting in more prosocial (but also ASB) behaviours

Forensic Psychology (1 decks)

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