Chapter 1 - Themes and Perspective in Developmental Psychology

Question 1

Debate on whether abilities and other characteristics are largely the product of genetic inheritance or environmental and experiences.

Answer 1

Nature-Nurture Debate

Question 2

The product of our genetics is also called ____________.

Answer 2

Nature

Question 3

The product of our environment and experiences is also called ______________.

Answer 3

Nurture

Question 4

Movement in psychology that explains psychological phenomena by focusing only on behavior and the environment without the reference to the mind.

Answer 4

Behaviorism

Question 5

Controlling behavior by manipulating rewards and various stimuli within the environment.

Answer 5

Conditioning

Question 6

Behaviorism

Answer 6

Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990)

Question 7

Captivated by the pioneers of conditioning namely __________ and ________________.

Answer 7

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) - Russia and John Watson (1879-1958) in USA

Question 8

Pevlov documented what he colorfully named ______________ in his laboratory dogs.

Answer 8

Psychic Learning

Question 9

Learn association between pairs of stimuli when they are presented the same movement in time.

Answer 9

Classical Conditioning

Question 10

Any stimulus that when following behavior increases the probability that the organism will emit the behavior in the future.

Answer 10

Reinforcement

Question 11

Stimulus that follows the emission of a response which renders the same response more probable in the future.

Answer 11

Reinforcement

Question 12

Skinner introduced the concept of ________ via process of successive approximation.

Answer 12

Shaping

Question 13

Skinner introduced the concept of shaping via process of ______________.

Answer 13

Successive Approximation

Question 14

Capable of shaping the simple repertoire of reflexes available in us.

Answer 14

Selective Reinforcement

Question 15

Nativism

Answer 15

Noam Chomsky (1928)

Question 16

Innate grammatical structuring of language that is both universal among human and species.

Answer 16

Deep Structure

Question 17

Ability or trait that is with us from birth.

Answer 17

Innate

Question 18

A capacity develops after several months or even years, it does not necessarily follow that this development depend on learning or experience.

Answer 18

Maturational Unfolding

Question 19

A genetically determined developmental progression.

Answer 19

Maturational Unfolding

Question 20

A genetically determined readiness to learn specific skills

Answer 20

Biological Preparedness

Question 21

Study of animals in their natural habitats.

Answer 21

Ethology

Question 22

The _______ of certain capacities and faculties transforms us step by step.

Answer 22

Maturation

Question 23

Maturation could have an effect in at least two ways; ___________ and _____________.

Answer 23

Maturational Unfolding and Biological Preparedness

Question 24

Maturation and Ethology

Answer 24

Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989)

Question 25

Implications for Human Development

Answer 25

John Bowlby (1907-1990)

Question 26

He suggested that humans also form a bond of attachment with their parents because of natural process under maturational control.

Answer 26

John Bowlby (1907-1990)

Question 27

Onset of separation distress seems to be around 8 or 9 months of age.

Answer 27

Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999)

Question 28

Onset of separation distress seems to be around __ or __ months of age.

Answer 28

8 or 9 months of age

Question 29

This helps us to understand how innate factors combine with learning and experience as a driving force of development.

Answer 29

Concepts of Maturation and biological preparedness.

Question 30

Maintain that children undergo a succession of psychological metamorphoses in their odyssey to adulthood.

Answer 30

Stage Theories

Question 31

Personality development largely depends on sexual fixation.

Answer 31

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Question 32

Start the ______ stage in which the focal erogenous zone is the month where it gains gratification from feeding.

Answer 32

Oral Stage

Question 33

________ stage where the focal erogenous zone is the anus and the baby gains gratification from sensation of withholding and then expelling excrement.

Answer 33

Anal Stage

Question 34

__________ stage the child gains gratification from touching the genitals.

Answer 34

Phallic Stage

Question 35

An area of the body that has sexual focus.

Answer 35

Erogenous Stage

Question 36

Concentrated attention on cognitive development and stated that intelligence is a crucial factor in determining how creature adapt to their environment.

Answer 36

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

Question 37

A faculty whose purpose is to help us adjust to the environment.

Answer 37

Intelligence

Question 38

Two kinds of environment

Answer 38

1.) Human, Social, and Psychological Environment
2.) Physical Environment

Question 39

Difficulty taking on board another person’s perspective.

Answer 39

Egocentrism

Question 40

genetic means

Answer 40

origin

Question 41

means knowledge

Answer 41

epistemology

Question 42

Suggested that when children formulate a new way of understanding the world their old ways can linger.

Answer 42

Siegler (1996)

Question 43

Repeated testing of children

Answer 43

Microgenetic Approach

Question 44

Children vacillate between new and old kinds of strategies in solving problems.

Answer 44

Overlapping-Waves Theory

Question 45

A way to test a theory that involves making predictions.

Answer 45

Empirical Test

Question 46

A theory that knowledge is actively generated by the individual rather than transmitted by another person or through one’s genes.

Answer 46

Constructivism