Chapter 1 - The Territory

Question 1

Question 1

Psycholinguistics

Answer 1

The study of the way people acquire and process language.

Question 2

Question 2

Sociolinguistics

Answer 2

The study of language, cultural and situational influences.

Question 3

Question3.

How many human languages are there?

Answer 3

6000

Question 4

Question 4.

How many words per minute do we use when speaking?

Answer 4

150

Question 5

Question 5.

What is speech?

Answer 5

Speech is a verbal means of communicating. It involves planning and executing specific motor sequences.
It requires precise neuromuscular coordination.
Each spoken language has specific sounds (phonemes) and sound combinations that are characteristic of that language.
Other components such as voice quality,intonation and rate that enhance the meaning of the message.

Question 6

Question 6.

What is language?

Answer 6

Language is a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule governed combinations of those symbols.
Each language has its own symbols and rules for combining those symbols
Language is a vehicle for thought. It holds our culture and traditions. It is central to who we are.
Language and words tell us about the world around us.
ASHA definition:
Language is a complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thought and communication.
Language is a social convention and a tool for social use.
Language is a a social means for achieving social ends based on shared understanding and purpose. Thus, human communication is fundamentally cooperative.

Question 7

Question 7.

What is a dialect?

Answer 7

A dialect is a subcategory of the parent language that use similar but not identical rules.
Language is a vehicle for thought. It holds our culture and traditions. It is central to who we are.
Language and words tell us about the world around us.

Question 8

Question 8.

Sign language

Answer 8

Sign language is its own language with its own rules for symbol combinations

Question 9

Question 9.

What contexts contribute to the evolution of language?

Answer 9

Historical, social and cultural contexts

Question 10

Question 10.

Name the five rule governed parameters of language

Answer 10

Phonology
Morphology 
Syntax 
Semantics 
Pragmatics

Question 11

Question 11.

What factors contribute to language learning and use?

Answer 11

Biological
Cognitive
Psychosocial
Environmental

Question 12

Question 12.

Effective use of language also entails an understanding of what other factors?

Answer 12

Non verbal cues
Motivation
Sociocultural roles

Question 13

Question 13.

Describe Symbol-Referent Relationship

Answer 13

The concept is formed from the common elements of past experiences. The common elements of those experiences form the core of the concept. When a referent is experienced, it is interpreted in terms of the concept and the appropriate symbol applied.

Question 14

Question 14.

What is the purpose of language rules?

Answer 14

Language rules specify a system of relationships among the individual parts of language. The rules for these relationships give language order and allows users to predict which units or symbols will be used.
Rules permit language to be used creatively.

Question 15

Question 15.

What is communication?

Answer 15

Communication is the process participants use to exchange information and ideas, needs and desires.
It involves encoding, transmitting and deciding the intended message.
It requires a sender and a receiver.

Question 16

Question 16.

What is communicative competence?

Answer 16

Communicative competence is the degree to which a speaker is successful in communicating, measured by the appropriateness and effectiveness of the message.
A competent communicator is able to conceive, formulate, modulate, and issue messages and to perceive the degree to which intended meanings are successfully conveyed.
Human communication is a complex, systematic, collaborative, context bound tool for social action.

Question 17

Question 17.

What are the extra linguistic aspects of communication?

Answer 17

Paralinguistics
Meta linguistics
Non linguistic

Question 18

Question 18.

What are linguistic modes of communication?

Answer 18

Speaking and listening
Writing and reading
Signing

Question 19

Question 19.

What are paralinguistics?

Answer 19

Intonation
Stress
Speed/rate of delivery
Pause/hesitation

These codes are superimposed on speech to signal attitude or emotion.
All components of the signal are integrated to produce the meaning.

Pitch, rhythm and pauses may be used to mark divisions between phrases and clauses. Combined with loudness and duration, pitch is used to give prominence to certain syllables and to new information.

Question 20

Question 20.

What is intonation?

Answer 20

Intonation is the use of pitch and is used to signal the mood of an utterance. For example, a rising pitch can indicate that a that a question has been asked.
Pitch can signal emphasis, asides, emotions, importance of the information being conveyed, and the role and status of the speaker.

Question 21

Question 21.

What is stress?

Answer 21

Stress is used for emphasis

Question 22

Question 22.

What is rate?

Answer 22

Rate varies with the speakers state of excitement, familiarity with the content, and perceived comprehension of the listener.

Question 23

Question 23.

What are pauses?

Answer 23

Pauses may be used to emphasise a portion of the message or to replace the message.

Question 24

Question 24.

Why are paralinguistics called suprasegmentall devices?

Answer 24

Paralinguistic mechanisms are called suprasegmental devices because they can change the form and meaning of a sentence by acting across elements, or segments, of a sentence.

Question 25

Question 25.

Name some non linguistic cues

Answer 25

Gestures
Body posture
Facial expression
Eye contact 
Head and body movement 
Physical distance or proxemics

Vary with the culture

Question 26

Question 26.

Meta linguistic skills

Answer 26

The ability to talk about language, analyse it, think about it, Jude it, and see it as an entity separate from its content.

Learning to read and write depends on meta linguistic awareness of the components of Lamy - sounds, words, phrases and sentences.

Also used to judge the correctness or appropriateness of the language we produce and receive, thus signalling the status of the transmission or the success of the communication.

Question 27

Question 27.

Cooperative communication

Answer 27

Requires sociology-cognitive skills of shared intentionality
Eg: joint goals and joint attention.

Question 28

Question 28

What are the Properties of language?

Answer 28

Language is a social tool
Language is a rule governed system 
Language is generative 
Language is reflexive 
Language is able to be displaced
Language is arbitrary

Question 29

Question 29

Answer 29

Describe language as a social tool
Transmit ideas and desires to one another
The code for transmission between people
Is influence by what proceeds it and influence what

Question 30

Question 28

What are the Properties of language?

Answer 30

Language is a social tool
Language is a rule governed system 
Language is generative 
Language is reflexive 
Language is able to be displaced
Language is arbitrary

Question 31

Question 29

Answer 31

Describe language as a social tool
Transmit ideas and desires to one another
The code for transmission between people
Is influence by what proceeds it and influence what