Chapter 1 - The Science Of Psychology

Question 1

Ancient Greece

Answer 1

Psych originated from Ancient Greece
Socrates, aristole, Plato - 400 bc
They thought about why people did the things they did and why they thought the way they did
Philosophers
They never did research, they just tried to explain human behavior with thoughts

Question 2

Structuralism

Answer 2

Welhelm Wundt - father of psychology -established psychology as a science I’m 1879
He tried to understand the structure of the mind.
He broke it into components
He used introspection
Trying to research the sensory process, even if it wasn’t a good theory
Titchner brought this to America

Question 3

Introspection

Answer 3

Inward focusing on mental experiences, such as sensations of feelings.
Teaching someone how to understand how to answer questions to understand someone’s process

Question 4

Behaviorism

Answer 4

The school of psychology that holds that psychology should limit itself to the study of overt, observable behavior
Created by John Watson and skinner
How does the environment effect behavior
And what traits travel through generations - primal traits
Conscious
Thought mental processes were pointless because they couldn’t be observed
What causes behavior and what changed behavior

Question 5

Gestalt

Answer 5

Max Wirtheimer
Different perceptions and how different people oraganize different perceptions
The brain structures our perceptions of the world in terms of meaningful patterns and wholes

Question 6

Psychoanalysis

Answer 6

Sigmund Freud
Method of psychotherapy
Focuses on uncovering and working through the unconscious conflicts he believed were at the root of psychological problems
Things outside our awareness make us act the way we do

Question 7

Behavioral Perspective

Answer 7

Approach to the study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior
Basically how we learn and how we learn about the environment and the world around us
Only theory that believes that we learn the same way as animals
Certain things in our environment teach us certain behaviors

Question 8

Psychodynamic Perspective

Answer 8

Behavior is influenced by the struggle between unconscious primal impulses and opposing forces that try to keep these impulses out of our mind.
How our unconscious, animal instincts influence behavior

Question 9

Humanistic Perspective

Answer 9

Focuses on what makes us human

How we overcome obstacles, grow, and develop

Question 10

Physiological Perspective

Answer 10

Focuses on the relationships between biological processes and behavior
Hormones, neurotransmitters

Question 11

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 11

Processes by which we acquire knowledge

Academic knowledge and how we understand the world around us on a thought level

Question 12

Sociocultural Perspective

Answer 12

The role of social and cultural influences on behavior

Question 13

Eclectic Approach

Answer 13

They diagnosis based on an understanding of all studies of psychology and mixing them
Applying psychology to help people

Question 14

Positive Psychology

Answer 14

Trying to figure out why some people stay positive in situations where they should have developed helplessness or depression
How do we learn to be optimists

Question 15

Basic Research

Answer 15

Research for research sake, no direct application

Question 16

Applied Research

Answer 16

Doing research that has a direct application

Question 17

Experimental Psychologists

Answer 17

Work at schools doing research

Question 18

Clinical Psychologists

Answer 18

Diagnose people - more serious problems

Question 19

Counseling Psychologists

Answer 19

Therapy and counseling, normal people with normal problems

Question 20

School Psychologists

Answer 20

Work in schools focusing on placement and assessment - helps people

Question 21

Educational Psychologists

Answer 21

How are students learning and where do they do the best

Question 22

Developmental Psychologists

Answer 22

Development and how these things effect us

Track different developmental stages in humans

Question 23

Personality Psychologist

Answer 23

What makes us unique

Question 24

Social Psychologists

Answer 24

Look at individuals and how other people affect bahvior

Question 25

Environmental Psychologists

Answer 25

Our immediate environment and how it effects us and also why people recycle, compost, etc.

Question 26

Industrial/Organizational Psychologists

Answer 26

Focus on business and how people work best, work best together, are best motivated, etc

Question 27

Health Psychologists

Answer 27

How our psychological factors affect our health

Question 28

Consumer Psychologists

Answer 28

Look at marketing techniques

Question 29

Emerging Fields

Answer 29

Geropsychology - age and psychology, especially older age
Forensic Psychology - psychology in the legal system, research, eye witness testimony, insanity, etc.
Sports - help with performance and things that are impacting performance

Question 30

Diversity

Answer 30

Started as all old white men, more women than men now and a lot more ethnicity

Question 31

Scientific Method

Answer 31

Research Question
Hypothesis - prediction of what will happen in your studies
Gather evidence, data
Draw conclusions - evaluate theory and develop follow up questions
Replicate

Question 32

Theory

Answer 32

Explanation about an observation

Question 33

Case Study Method

Answer 33

Trying to study a select group of people
Small group and find out as much about them as you can, compare info, and find how it relates to the problem
Find what every one has in common
Isn’t a cause and effect result

Question 34

Survey Method

Answer 34

A series of questions asked to larger groups
Practically demographic info

Not cause and effect

Question 35

Naturalistic Method

Answer 35

Observing someone in their natural enviorment so there is no bias in behavior
Not cause and effect

Question 36

Cause and Effect Analysis

Answer 36

You know info, but you don’t know it’s reasons

Question 37

Correlational Method

Answer 37

Measuring relationships between variables
Can be between any two things
Another cause and effect method
The closer to one, the stronger the relationship.
Minus - one goes up, the other goes down
Plus - both go up, both go down
Simply comparing relationships and then you question the nature of the relationship

Question 38

Experimental Method

Answer 38

When there is a manipulation
Changing a factor of the experiment to see how it effect behavior and the correlation
Contains groups and variables
Two groups - experimental and control
The control group gives you something to compare to
Dependent variable - how we measure whether or not the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable
Independent variable - the variable that is manipulated to see if it will have an effect on the dependent variable

Question 39

Placebo Effect

Answer 39

A belief that if something will happen if does

Experimental can have a placebo group to make sure the dependent variable doesn’t have a placebo factor

Question 40

Psychology

Answer 40

Studies what a person tends to do
Isn’t about specifics
Related to thoughts, mental processes, behavior
The science of mental processes and behavior