Chapter 1: The Reading Process Flashcards
Week 1
What are the different types of communication?
- Reading (Receptive)
- Writing (Productive)
- Speaking (Productive)
- Listening (Receptive)
Week 1
What is the difference between style and tone
Style is the distinctive manner of expression, while tone conveys the author’s attitude or mood. Style is how you say it, and tone is how you feel when saying it.
Your writing style can either be formal or informal, while your tone can be whatever you want it to be. The tone of a text is usually implied.
The author is the one to set the tone of the passage, and that tone in turn affects the mood of the reader.
Week 1
List some of the most common reading strategies.
Below are some of the most commonly used reading and writing methods used today:
- Reading and re-reading
- Annotating
- Mind mapping
- Visualization
- Critical Reading
Week 1
What is the purpose of a text?
The purpose of a text can be categorized into three subtypes:
- To persuade
- To inform
- To entertain
You can use the acronym P.I.E to remember the points above.
To Persuade
If the author actively tries to get you to agree with their point of view, their purpose, executed through their text, is to persuade you.
Characteristics of a Persuasive Text
- The author’s position on the topic is well-defined.
- The author uses persuasive language to appeal to our emotions.
- The author suggests a call for action
Let’s look at an example:
Rely on Denta-Fresh toothpaste to stop bad breath just as millions of others have.
The excerpt above supplies no substantial information to the reader; it is not backed up any evidence whatsoever.
The author appeals to the reader’s emotion by claiming to combat bad breath, which is an insecurity for many people.
The author suggests a call for action by using the word “Rely” at the start of the sentence.
To Inform
If the author provides information corroborated by facts, evidence, and statistics, their purpose is to inform. Informational texts are often written in an objective, neutral tone.
Characteristics of an Informative Text
- The author presents a concise topic.
- The author uses accurate and precise language to explain their topic.
- The author composes the text in an objective tone.
- The author may use statistics to corroborate their claim.
Let’s look at an example:
The National Hurricane Center predicts a record number of hurricanes in the upcoming months.
- The author’s statement is concise; we know what they are discussing.
- Meanwhile, the author’s language is not the most precise, we still get the idea of what they are trying to convey.
- The author uses an objective tone.
Therefore, we can deduce that the author is trying to inform
To Entertain
Entertaining texts are engaging and captivating, designed to hold the reader’s or audience’s attention while providing enjoyment
Characteristics of an Entertaining Text
- Entertaining texts often start with a hook or an intriguing opening that immediately grabs the reader’s interest.
- Many entertaining texts use humor
- Entertaining texts often connect with the audience on a personal level by appealing to their emotions.
- Entertaining texts may contain surprises or twists.
Let’s look at an example:
If clothes say much about a person, a woman risking life and limb to wear 6-inch- high heels to the office must be screaming something about herself.
- The excerpt starts by piquing the reader’s curiosity
- The author tries to relate with women by highlighting their plights while wearing high heels.
- The author uses a humourous/hyperbolic tone.
Therefore, we can deduce that the author is trying to entertain
Week 1
What is the difference between sarcasm and irony?
Sarcasm is a form of mocking or ridiculing, often using exaggerated praise. Irony involves a contrast between expected and actual outcomes, often revealing hidden meanings or humor.
Sarcasm is always directed towards a person negatively, as opposed to irony, which does not have any connotations associated with it.
Week 2
List some of the most commonly used words to describe tone.
The tone of a text refers to the author’s or speaker’s attitude towards the audience.
It conveys the author’s feelings, opinions, and perspective, shaping the overall mood and impact of the communication.
Below are some words that can be used to describe the author’s tone.
- Cautious
- Humorous
- Affectionate
- Hostile
- Critical
- Objective
- Personal
- Violent
- Solemn / serious
- Sarcastic
- Disapproving
- Enthusiastic
- Desperate
- Pleading
- Indifferent
Week 2
List some of the features of the formal writing style.
- It is less personal than informal language.
- Used to write professional or academic papers
- Colloquialisms, contractions, and first person nouns are not allowed in formal writing.
- Acronyms are allowed, provided that the writer establishes its full form at the beginning or before they refer to the acronym itself.
Week 2
List some of the features of the informal writing style.
- It is personal and more specific.
- A writer has free reign over their choice in vocabulary.
- Colloquialisms, contractions, and first person nouns are allowed.
Week 2
What does the topic sentence consist of?
The topic sentence is a sentence within a paragraph or essay that summarizes the main idea or central point of that paragraph or section.
It serves as a clear and concise statement that introduces the reader to the subject of that particular paragraph.
The topic sentence consists of the topic and the main idea.
topic sentence = topic + main idea
Week 2
What is meant by the topic of a text?
The topic of a text can be thought of as a phrase/word that perfectly encapsulates the essence of a text.
For example, the overarching topic of James Clear’s Atomic Habits is simply habits and their benefits.
Before reading a text, its **topic must be understood **in order to understand its themes and general ideas. Failing to do so will make the text incomprehensible.
Week 2
What is the main idea of a text?
The main idea of a text can be split into two subcategories: the stated main idea and the implied main idea.
The main idea of a text can be described as the author’s central point or primary message that they are trying to convey through their writing.
It’s the most important and fundamental concept that the entire text revolves around.
The main idea also lays the groundwork for supporting details, are of which either corroborate or elaborate upon the main idea.
Stated Main Idea
The stated main idea is very explicit. It is embedded in the text. All the reader has to do is identify it via analysis, evaluation, re-reading, or other methods.
The stated main idea cannot be a question; it must be a coherent sentence.
The author usually leaves hints – some obvious, some not as much – indicating towards the main topic, so it is imperative that we look for them.
Implied Main Idea
The implied main idea, just like the stated main idea, is the author’s message or agenda conveyed in the form of a passage. However, unlike its counterpart, the inferred main idea is not explicit at all.
It is up to the reader to infer the authors main idea from the supporting details in the text.
The inferred main idea, just like its counterpart, must be in the form of a coherent sentence and must not be a question.
The inferred main idea must neither be too specific nor too general i.e. it must not be a sweeping statement that addresses topics that aren’t a part of the text.
Week 2
How can one deduce the implied main idea?
- Remember to look for repeated words.
- Major supporting details have additional words that hint towards the main idea of the text, so make sure to properly interpret every major supporting detail.
Week 2
What is the function of supporting details?
Supporting details provide nuance to the main idea of a text. They corroborate/elaborate upon the message the author is trying to convey.
Week 3
How do you deduce the implied main idea in a text?
Look for the following details:
- Signal words (words such as however and inversely that change the direction of the text)
- Repititions
- The tone of the text
Tips to format the implied main idea
- The implied main idea must not be too specific.
- The implied main idea must be a coherent sentence in agreement with the central point of the story
- Ideally, the implied main idea should not be a question.
- When stating the implied main idea, do not start with, “The implied main idea is ….”
How can you identify the purpose of your text as an author?
As an author, identifying the purpose of your text involves considering the main idea, audience, and the message you want to convey. Here are some steps to help you:
Main Idea: Determine the main idea of your text. This could be a concept, argument, or theme that you want to explore.
Audience:Consider who your audience is. Understanding your audience can help shape your content and language.
Purpose: Identify why you are writing the text. The basic purposes of a text include: to inform, to persuade/argue, or to entertain. Your purpose will guide how you present your main idea.
Rhetorical Choices: Analyze your use of rhetorical strategies, such as appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos, which can contribute to the overall purpose of the text.
Remember, your purpose is reflected in how you write about a topic. For instance, if your purpose is to amuse, you might use jokes or anecdotes in your writing.
