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The Hydrological Cycle > Chapter 1: The operations and importance of the hydrological cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The operations and importance of the hydrological cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 water stores in order of volume from largest to smallest

A

The Ocean, Cryosphere, Ground water, Surface water, Soil moisture and Atmospheric moisture

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2
Q

Name the water stores in order of most to least content of fresh water

A

Cryosphere, ground water, surface water, soil moisture, atmospheric moisture and the ocean

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3
Q

Name the water stores in order of shortest to longest residence time

A

Atmospheric moisture, soil moisture, surface water, ground water, the ocean and the cryosphere

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4
Q

How is fresh water distributed across the stores?

A

69% is stored in the cryosphere
30%is stored in ground water
1% is stored in surface water

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5
Q

How is accessible fresh water distributed?

A

52% is stored in lakes

38% is stored in soil moisture

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6
Q

Define base flow

A

Base flow is the flow of water into the river channels

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7
Q

Define through flow

A

Water seeps laterally past the soils surface but above the table

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8
Q

Define river discharge

A

The volume of water passing a certain point over time

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9
Q

How much of global water is harvested for human use?

A

0.07% of global water is both accessible and fresh enough for human us. This is found in rivers and lakes.

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10
Q

Describe the conditions for precipitation

A

Air cooled for saturation point with a relative humidity of 100%
Condensation of nuclei, eg. dust particles condenses vapor upon contact making droplets
A temperature below dew point

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11
Q

What factors affect the drainage basin?

A 
Amount of precipitation
Intensity of precipitation
Type of precipitation
Variability of precipitation
Seasonality of precipitation
Distribution of precipitation
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12
Q

What are the 3 types of precipitation variability?

A

Secular- long term change eg. climate change
Periodic- annual/monthly change
Stochastic- random variability eg. a rainstorm

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13
Q

Name and summarise the 3 types of rainfall

A

Convectional rain: Hot land heats air which rises and cools. It then condenses creating rain
Cyclonic rain: Warm air rises over cool air so that it condenses and forms rain
Orographic rain: air is forced over a barrier so that it condenses and forms precipitation

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14
Q

Name 6 factors that influence infiltrationrates

A 
Length of periods of rainfall
Antecedent rain
Porosity of the ground
Vegetation
The size of the raindrops
The steepness of the ground
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15
Q

Define albedo

A

A measure of the proportion of incoming solar radiation that is reflected back into the atmosphere.

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16
Q

Define PEVT

A

Potential evapotranspiration which shows the output of water if there was unlimited soil water

17
Q

Water budgets are used by who?

A

Farmers, local and international governments

18
Q

What is a river regime?

A

A river regime is the annual variation in discharge or flow of a river at a particular point.

19
Q

Name 6 factors which can influence a rive regime

A 
The size of a river
The amount,pattern, density of precipitation
Temperature
Geology and soil
Amount/type of vegetation
Human activities e.g dam building
20
Q

Name 5 physical factors affecting drainage basins

A 
Climate
Soils
Relief
Vegetation
Geology
21
Q

Name 5 human factors affecting drainage basins

A 
Water management
Climate Change
Urbanisation
Deforestation
Afforestation
22
Q

What is a storm hydrograph?

A

Storm hydrograph’s are data sets which show the variation of discharge over short periods of time. They record change in discharge in response to inputs.

23
Q

Describe the conditions of a “flashy” river or hydrograph

A 
Impermeable ground
less porous ground
Steep slope
Straight river
Saturated
Bare/urbanised
24
Q

Describe the conditions of a “flat” river or hydrograph

A 
Permeable
Porous
Flatter
Several bends
Dry ground
Lots of vegetation
25
Q

Compare “flashy” and “flat” hydrograph’s

A

Flashy hydrograph’s have a steeper rising limb
Flat hydrograph’s have a lower peak
Flat hydrograph’s have a longer lag time

26
Q

What is a green roof?

A

A green roof is a vegetation cover that is placed over a water proof membrane

27
Q

What is am infiltration basin?

A

A shallow depression dig out to delay runoff and increase infiltration

28
Q

What’s rainwater harvesting?

A

collecting rainwater from roofs to be recycled

29
Q

What does SuDS stand for

A

Sustainable Drainage system

30
Q

What are filter drains?

A

Trenches filled with gravel to take runoff away

31
Q

What is the NPPF?

A

The national planning policy framework

The Hydrological Cycle (2 decks)

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