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Bio 101 > Chapter 1: The Nature Of Science Nd The Characteristics Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Nature Of Science Nd The Characteristics Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by “science”?

A

Body of knowledge about the natural world
Has to be independently verified by people
Does this actually work?&raquo_space;> subject it to scientific investigation
Built largely on peer review and repeatability helps us get closer to the truth
A way to explain the truth
As a whole it can tell us the implication of things

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2
Q

Are anecdotes and beliefs reliable evidence for conclusions?

A

NO - but can be a good starting point for study

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3
Q

The Scientific Method

A

Observations (comes from previous knowledge) (causation - what would cause this phenomenon?)
Hypothesis (to establish causation)
Predictions
Test
Hypothesis is either supported or rejected

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4
Q

Scientific Hypotheses

A

Attempts to identify a cause for some effect
Needs to be independently testable and repeatable - potentially falsifiable
Based an accumulation of observations

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5
Q

Provisional

A

Caveat that some information could come up alone the way to prove it false

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6
Q

Scientific theory

A

A principle or law after it has been repeatedly confirmed through diverse methods of testing
When it is accepted by the majority experts as the best explanation f the truth about the phenomenon
EX: Gravity, evolution…
Hypothesis is prior to developing a theory

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7
Q

Independent variable

A

The cause
In an experiment, generally only one independent variable is manipulates at a time - there can be several levels of this one variable

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8
Q

Observational studies

A

Careful and repeated recording of and summarizing events

Looking and creating logs of events - not manipulating anything

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9
Q

Analytical studies

A

Compared two or more variables - establishes correlations
Use observations and data points, compare them to one another
Limitation = spurious correlations: appears that one variable affects another but it doesn’t - no truth behind it

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10
Q

Experimental science

A

Attempt to establish cause and effect relationship
Goal is to establish causation
Ideally provides a prediction for future similar events

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11
Q

Dependent variable

A

The effect

Many dependent variables can be measured

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12
Q

Controlled variables

A

Held constant across all groups
Both control groups and treatment groups are given the same conditions
Only want to be testing changes in the independent variable

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13
Q

Control group

A

Proposed cause

Independent variable is not present or is held at a default level

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14
Q

Experimental group

A

Proposed cause
Independent variable is present
Multiple treatment levels may be used
AKA treatment groups

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15
Q

Increasing confidence in experimental conclusions

A

Effective use of control groups
Randomization
Replication of experimental and control groups (higher sample size)
Statistical analysis (summarizing events)

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16
Q

Summary statistics

A

Taking a bunch of data points, adding them and dividing them all out (mean or error - variation(+or- some number is how you describe that variation))

17
Q

Analytical statistics

A

T-test: statistical test that compares means and variation between two samples
T-test: determines in variation is enough to call the different in mean “statistically significant”

18
Q

Biology’s 2 basic themes

A
  1. Flow/use of energy

2. Flow of information: within cell/organisms (communication, growth, development) and between organisms

19
Q

All life shares 6 common traits

A
  1. Are composed of one or more cells
  2. Reproduce and use DNA
  3. Obtain energy from their environment to support metabolism
  4. Sense and respond to their environment
  5. Actively maintain their internal conditions
  6. Are capable of evolving as a group
20
Q
  1. Living organisms are composed of cells
A

Cells are the basic unit of life and are the foundation for all living things

21
Q
  1. Living organisms reproduce and use DNA
A

DNA is genetic material that contains all of the instructions for building new organisms
Every cell in a single organism contains a full set of the same DNA instructions
A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a special protein, which in turn, results in a physical trait
Asexual reproduction vs sexual production

22
Q

Organic molecule

A

Any molecule that has a carbon or nitrogen connected to a hydrogen
EX gas is organic

23
Q
  1. Living organisms obtain energy from their environment
A

Any organism that can capture energy in or from inorganic molecules is an autotroph (plants - they create organic molecules through photosynthesis) (water is inorganic)

24
Q

Metabolism

A

Capture, storage, and use of energy by an organism

25
Q
  1. Living organisms sense and respond to their environment
A

Detect, interpret, and act upon stimuli

26
Q

Behavior

A

Response to stimuli

27
Q

Environment

A

Anything outside of the cell

28
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything received by the cell

29
Q
  1. Living organisms actively maintain their internal conditions
A

HOMEOSTASIS- any process used by an organism to maintain a particular range of internal conditions
EX temp, salt, thirst from sweating, acidity, hunger

30
Q
  1. Groups of living organisms evolve
A

A species is a group of organisms that interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring
A group or organisms within a species that shares a common geographical locale is called a population (interact together)

31
Q

Evolution

A

Flow of genetic information
Change in types of genes in a population over generation
Individuals of not evolve - ONLY GROUPS because you can’t develop new traits or genes
Adaptive traits allow an individual to survive and reproduce and at be passed on
Maladaptive traits are traits that hinder reproductive success/survival

32
Q

Adaptation

A

Evolution of a population or species usually causes them to increase survival and reproduction

33
Q

Natural selection

A

**

34
Q

Artificial selection

A

Human influence on the evolution of species

DOMESTICATION - selectively breeding organisms for traits that we find useful

35
Q

Biological Hierarchy

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Molecules
  3. Cells
  4. Tissues
  5. Organs
  6. Organ systems
  7. Organisms
  8. Population
  9. Community
  10. Ecosystem
36
Q

Biosphere

A

The entire earth

Living and non-living components

Bio 101 (7 decks)

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