Chapter 1: The Musculo-Skeletal System

Question 1

Which one of these is incorrect?

A The skeleton provides oxygen for the working muscles

B The skeleton provides protection for vital organs

C The skeleton provides structural shape and points for attachment

D The skeleton provides support

Answer 1

A

The skeleton provides oxygen for the working muscles

Question 2

Which one of these causes plantar flexion at the ankle?

A Gastrocnemius

B Hamstrings

C Quadriceps

D Tibialis anterior

Answer 2

A

Gastrocnemius

Question 3

Which bones are found at the shoulder joint?

A Femur and tibia

B Humerus and radius

C Scapula and humerus

D Tibia and fibula

Answer 3

C

Scapula and humerus

Question 4

Which bones are found at the elbow joint?

A Femur and tibia

B Humerus and radius

C Scapula and humerus

D Tibia and fibula

Answer 4

B

Humerus and radius

Question 5

Flat bones provide a protective function within the body.

Name two flat bones and, using a sporting action of your choice, suggest how these bones provide protection during performance. (4 marks)

Answer 5

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks.
AO1: maximum of two marks
AO2: maximum of two marks.

• Cranium (1 × AO1)
• Provides protection for the brain whilst heading a football / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• Sternum (1 × AO1)
• Provides protection to the heart when controlling a football on the chest / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• Scapula (1 × AO1)
• Provides protection for the shoulder joint during contact made with another player when catching a netball / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• Ribs (1 × AO1)
• Protect the lungs during any impact with a hockey ball / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• Pelvis (1 × AO1)
• Protects the reproductive system / bladder during contact made in a rugby tackle / equivalent (1 × AO2)

The bones can be credited for AO1 (up to a maximum of 2 marks) but the example must be applied to the protective role of the named bone during a sporting action for AO2 (up to a maximum of 2 marks). Alternative appropriate sporting actions can be credited.

Question 6

Identify the type of synovial joint working at the shoulder.

Answer 6

Ball and socket

Question 7

Outline how two of the features of the shoulder joint aim to prevent injury occurring.

Answer 7

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.

•    Shape of the articular surface / bones – allows bones to fit together (1)
•    Ligaments – attach bone to bone / restrict movement (1)
•    Joint capsule / fibrous capsule – lined with synovial membrane / encloses / supports / joints (1)
•    Synovial membrane – secretes synovial fluid (1)
•    Synovial fluid – provides lubrication (1)
•    Cartilage (hyaline / articular) – prevents friction / stops bones rubbing together (1)
•    Bursae (sacks of fluid) – to reduce friction (1)

Accept any other suitable explanation of features of the shoulder joint that prevent injury occurring.
Answers must refer to the shoulder joint.

Question 8

Identify the plane and the axis about which the running action takes place at the shoulder.

Answer 8

• Sagittal (plane) (1)

* Transverse (axis) (1)

Question 9

Which of the following muscle movements occur when the arm bends at the elbow?

A The biceps contract and the triceps relax

B The biceps relax and the triceps relax

C The triceps contract and the biceps contract

D The triceps contract and the biceps relax

Answer 9

A

The biceps contract and the triceps relax

Question 10

Which of the following statements best describes ‘abduction’ at a ball and socket joint?

A The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

B The movement of a limb in a complete circle at a joint

C The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

D The movement of a limb which decreases the angle of a joint

Answer 10

A

The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

Question 11

Which one of the following statements describes the term ‘extension’ at a hinge joint?

A The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

B The movement of a limb which decreases the angle at a joint

C The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

D The movement of a limb which increases the angle at a joint

Answer 11

D

The movement of a limb which increases the angle at a joint

Question 12

Explain how muscles and bones work together to produce movement. (4 marks)

Answer 12

[AO2 = 4]

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks.

•    Muscles are attached to bones via tendons (1)
•    The origin is attached to the stationary bone / the insertion is attached to the moving bone (1)
•    Muscles are arranged in (antagonistic) pairs / because they can only pull (1)
•    The agonist or prime mover contracts (shortens) / and the antagonist, relaxes (lengthens) (1)
•    Movement only occurs at a joint, where two bones meet (1)

NB 1 mark for stating one muscle contracts or shortens, and the other relaxes or lengthens.

Question 13

Explain the role of the skeletal system in producing movement of the body. (5 marks)

Answer 13

[AO1 = 5]

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of five marks

• The skeletal system allows movement at a joint (1)
• Short bones enable finer controlled movements whilst long bones enable gross movement (1)
• The different joint types allow different types of movement (1)
• Hinge joint allows extension and flexion whilst ball and socket allows flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and circular motion (1)
• The skeleton provides a point of attachment for muscles (1)
• When muscles (contract) they pull the bone (1)

Accept any other suitable response.

Question 14

Movement is brought about by the muscular and skeletal systems working together.

Using an example, explain how muscles and bones work together to produce movement. (4 marks)

Answer 14

[AO1 = 4]

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks

• Muscles are attached to bones via tendons (1)
• The origin is attached to the bone that doesn’t move whilst the insertion is attached to the bone that moves (1)
• Muscles can only pull / and are arranged in pairs (1)
• One muscle contracts (shortens or flexes or agonist or prime mover) and one muscle relaxes (lengthens or antagonist) (1)
• Ligaments keep the joint stable (1)
• Movement can only occur at a joint (1)

Accept any other suitable response.

Question 15

Movement occurs through the combination of the skeletal system and the muscular system.

State one bone, one joint and one muscle which would be involved when the arm is moved.

Answer 15

Award one mark for correctly stating a bone in the arm, one mark for
correctly stating a joint and one further mark for correctly stating a
muscle.

• bones ‒ humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
• joints ‒ shoulder, elbow, wrist (possible hinge in fingers)
• muscles ‒ biceps, triceps

Question 16

Movement occurs through the combination of the skeletal system and the muscular system.

Explain what is meant by abduction. (2 marks)

Answer 16

Award up to two marks for correctly explaining abduction

• the movement of a bone or limb / away from the body

Question 17

Physical activity requires movement using bones and muscles.

Name three major bones which are located in the leg.

Answer 17

Award one mark for each correctly named bone:

• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula

Question 18

Physical activity requires movement using bones and muscles.

Name two muscles which are also located in the leg.

Answer 18

Award one mark for each correctly named muscle:

• Gluteals
• Quadriceps
• Hamstrings
• Gastrocnemius/calf
• Soleus.

Question 19

Movement occurs when bones and muscles work together.

Explain what is meant by extension.

Answer 19

Award up to two marks for correctly explaining what extension is:

• The increasing of an angle/between two bones

• A joint which is straightened so that one of the bones of the joint
moves/away from the other

• The action of opening/ a joint.

Question 20

Movement occurs when bones and muscles work together.

Give two examples of sporting situations where extension occurs (2 marks), and name a muscle which produces the movement that you have chosen in each example (1 mark).

Answer 20

(ii) Award one for each correct example given:

• Straightening the leg at the knee when kicking a football
• Straightening the arm at the elbow when throwing a ball
• A correct actual example such as performing a triceps extension.

      Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.

(iii) Award one mark for each correctly named muscle which must correspond to the example given

• Straightening the leg at the knee ‒ quadriceps
• Straightening the arm at the elbow ‒ triceps.

Question 21

Movement is one of the functions of the skeleton.

Name three other functions.

Answer 21

Award one mark for each correct function of the skeleton other than movement.

• Support
• Protection
• Shape
• Blood production
• Mineral storage.

Question 22

Explain the function of cartilage in relation to movement. (2 marks)

Answer 22

Award up to two marks for a correct explanation.

• Cushions between bones
• To stop rubbing during movement
• Acts as a shock absorber
• Stabilises joints
• Prevents excess movement
• Allows easier movement

Accept the above or any other acceptable answer.

Question 23

Name the three major bones which are located in the arm.

Answer 23

Award one mark for each correctly identified bone:

• humerus
• radius
• ulna.

Question 24

What attaches muscle to bone?

Answer 24

Tendon

Question 25

What type of joint is found at the shoulder?

Answer 25

Ball & Socket

(accept….synovial)

(accept…. freely moveable)

Question 26

Name two types of movement at the shoulder.

Answer 26

Two from…

• Flexion;
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Circumduction
• Elevation
• Depression
• Rotation

Question 27

In which part of the body are the following muscle groups?

(i) pectorals
(ii) quadriceps

Answer 27

(i) The chest.

      accept… the torso/the trunk

(ii) (The front of) The thigh.

      accept…upper leg/the leg

Question 28

Give one type of joint in the body.

Answer 28

One from:

• ball and socket; accept “ball” or “socket”
• hinge;
• pivot;
• gliding;
• condyloid;
• saddle;
• synovial;
• freely moveable;
• fixed/immoveable.

Question 29

Name two muscles in the upper body.

Answer 29

Two such as:

• biceps;
• triceps;
• pectorals;
• abdominals;
• intercostal;
• deltoids;
• trapezius;
• latissimum dorsi;
• heart/cardiac;
• bracialis.

Question 30

Holding a balanced position is important in many physical activities.

Give one static balance and explain how the muscles work to maintain this balance. (5 marks)

Answer 30

one static balance to be named (1 mark).

(key is stationary)

In order to hold the body in a still position, the joint(s) must be kept in the same position (1 mark) [named joints no extra mark] by:

• the muscles working in pairs (1 mark)

• working at the joint - must work isometrically (1 mark)
not: one muscle contracts, the other relaxes - they must
maintain contraction/pull (1 mark) without changing length (1 mark)

• a muscle ‘fixing’ the joint
• standing on one leg (1 mark)

• muscles of the (upper) leg (Q+H) work together (1 mark), contract isometrically (1 mark) to hold the knee locked (1 mark)
could also apply in arm

• correct names for appropriate muscles working together (1 mark);

In a handstand this would involve muscles working at the wrist, elbow, shoulder, neck, vertebrae, hip, knee and ankle!

Question 31

What does the term “musculoskeletal system” mean?

Answer 31

The name used to describe the muscular system and the skeletal system working together.

Question 32

What does “articulating bones” mean?

Answer 32

Bones that meet at a joint to enable movement.

Question 33

What is a “synovial joint”?

Answer 33

An area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet.

Question 34

What is the role of the bursae in a synovial joint?

Answer 34

A sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint.

To reduce friction between the tendon and the bone.

Question 35

What is cartilage, and what is its role?

Answer 35

A tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between the bones, preventing them rubbing together and causing friction.

Question 36

Explain the characteristics and role of synovial fluid.

Answer 36

Clear & slippery liquid

Lubricates the joint and stops bones rubbing together.

Question 37

The synovial membrane lines the inside of the joint. What is its role?

Answer 37

Secretion of synovial fluid.

Accept ‘releases’

Question 38

Define Extension

Answer 38

Increase in the angle of bones at a joint

Question 39

Define Flexion

Answer 39

Decrease in the angle of bones at a joint

Question 40

Define Abduction

Answer 40

Movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body

Question 41

Define Adduction

Answer 41

Movement of a bone or limb towards the midline of the body

Question 42

Define Plantar Flexion

Answer 42

Movement at the ankle joint that points the toes and increases the angle at the ankle.

Question 43

Define Rotation

Answer 43

A circular movement around a joint, or in other words, a movement around an axis.

Question 44

Define Dorsiflexion

Answer 44

Movement at the ankle joint that flexes the foot upwards and decreases the angle at the ankle joint.

Question 45

What are ‘tendons’?

Answer 45

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Their role is to transfer the effort created by a contracting muscle to the bone, resulting in movement of that bone.

Question 46

Muscles are arranged in pairs. What are these known as?

Answer 46

Antagonistic Pairs

Question 47

In an antagonistic pair, what is the key term for the muscle that contracts to create movement

Answer 47

Agonist

Prime Mover

Question 48

In an antagonistic pair, what is the name given to the muscle that relaxes to allow a movement to occur?

Answer 48

Antagonist

Question 49

What are the two forms of Isotonic Contraction?

Answer 49

Concentric

Eccentric

Question 50

Which ONE of the following describes an Isometric Contraction?
A - The muscle lengthens when it contracts
B - The muscle shortens when it contracts
C - The muscle stays the same length
D - The muscle contracts

Answer 50

C -

The muscle stays the same length

Question 51

Identify two types of movement that can occur at a ball and socket joint

Answer 51

Rotation
Adduction
Abduction
Flexion
Extension