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Grade 12 Biology > Chapter 1- The Molecules of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 1- The Molecules of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

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2
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

An unstable isotope that decays over time by emitting radiation.

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3
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A substance composed of two or more non-metal atoms that are covalently bonded together.

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4
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

A carbon-containing molecule in which carbon atoms are nearly always bonded to each other and to hydrogen.

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5
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

The study of the activity and properties of biologically important molecules.

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6
Q

What does intramolecular mean?

A

Occurring between atoms within a molecule.

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7
Q

What does intermolecular mean?

A

Occurring between atoms of different molecules.

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8
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak association between an atom with partial negative charge and a hydrogen atom with partial positive charge.

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9
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Referring to non-polar molecules that do not have attractive interactions with water molecules.

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10
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Referring to polar molecules that have attractive interactions with water molecules.

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11
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative charge.

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12
Q

What is a functional group?

A

An atom or group of atoms attached to a molecule that gives the molecule particular chemical and physical properties.

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13
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A large, complex molecule, usually composed of repeating units of smaller molecules covalently linked together.

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14
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule composed of repeating units of smaller molecules (monomers).

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15
Q

What is a monomer?

A

The smallest repeating unit of a polymer.

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16
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

A biological macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

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17
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate composed of between three and seven carbons.

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18
Q

What is an isomer?

A

One of two or more molecules with the same number and type of atoms, but different structural arrangements.

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19
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond.

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20
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate polymer composed of many monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds between particular atoms.

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21
Q

What is a lipid?

A

A biological macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms with a high proportion of non-polar carob-hydrogen bonds.

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22
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

A lipid molecule composed of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids linked by ester bonds.

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23
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

A hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group.

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24
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A lipid composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group with an R group.

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25
Q

What is a lipid bilayer?

A

A structure with hydrophilic “heads” of phospholipids directed toward the aqueous environment and hydrophobic “tails” directed toward the center, interacting with each other.

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26
Q

What is a steroid?

A

A lipid composed of four attached carbon-based rings.

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27
Q

What is wax?

A

Lipids composed of long carbon-based chains that are solids at room temperature.

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28
Q

What is protein?

A

A biological macromolecule composed of amino acid monomers linked by covalent bonds.

29
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

An organic molecule composed of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group.

30
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A polymer composed of many amino acids linked together by a covalent bond.

31
Q

What is a nucleic acid?

A

Biological macromolecules composed of nucleotide monomers.

32
Q

What is DNA?

A

A biological macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar deoxyribose.

33
Q

What is RNA?

A

A biological macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar ribose?

34
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

An organic molecule composed of a sugar bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.

35
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+, when dissolved in water.

36
Q

What is a base?

A

A substance that produces hydroxide ions, OH-, when dissolved in water.

37
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

A numerical scale ranging from 0 to 14 that is used to classify aqueous solutions as acidic, basic or neutral.

38
Q

What is a neutralization reaction?

A

A chemical reaction between an acid and a base, producing water and a salt.

39
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that minimizes changes in pH by donating or accepting hydrogen ions as needed.

40
Q

What is oxidation?

A

A process involving the loss of electrons.

41
Q

What is reduction?

A

A process involving the gain of electrons.

42
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one substance to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.

43
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A chemical reaction that results in the formation of a covalent bond between two molecules with the production of a water molecule.

44
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A chemical reaction that results in cleavage of a covalent bond with the addition of a water molecule.

45
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

46
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy for the reaction; is not consumed in the reaction.

47
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological macromolecule that catalyzes, or speeds up chemical reactions in biological systems.

48
Q

What is an active site?

A

The site on an enzyme where the substrate binds; where the chemical reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme takes place.

49
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A reactant that interacts with the enzyme in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

50
Q

What is the enzyme-substrate complex?

A

The combined structure of an enzyme with a substrate that is bound to the enzyme’s active site.

51
Q

What is an inhibitor?

A

A molecule that binds to the allosteric or active site of an enzyme and causes a decrease in the activity of that enzyme.

52
Q

What is an allosteric site?

A

A site on an enzyme that is not the active site, where other molecules can interact with and regulate the activity or the enzyme.

53
Q

What is an activator?

A

A molecule that binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme and keeps an enzyme active or causes an increase in the activity of that enzyme.

54
Q

What is the strongest force?

A

Intramolecular forces then intermolecular forces.

55
Q

What is the structure of a monosaccharide? Give examples.

A

3 to 7 carbon atoms

Glucose, fructose, galactose

56
Q

What is the structure of a disaccharide? Give examples.

A

Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage.

Sucrose and lactose.

57
Q

What is the structure of polysaccharides? Give examples.

A

Carbohydrate polymers of monosaccharides (usually glucose) joined covalently.
Glycogen- glucose stored by animals
Starch- glucose stored by plants
Cellulose- provides structural support in plant cell walls

58
Q

What is the structure of a triglyceride?

A

Fatty acid is a hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group. It can either be saturated with no double bonds between carbon atoms OR unsaturated with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms,

59
Q

What does the functional group hydroxyl have?

A

-OH

60
Q

What does the functional group carbonyl have?

A

C=O

61
Q

What does the functional group carboxyl have?

A

OH–C=O

62
Q

What does the functional group amino have?

A

H-N-H

63
Q

What does the functional group sulfhydryl have?

A

-S-H

64
Q

What does the functional group phosphate have?

A

-O–P–O-

65
Q

What is the monomer and polymer of carbohydrate?

A

Monomer- monosaccharide

Polymer- starch

66
Q

What is the monomer and polymer of nucleic acid?

A

Monomer- Nucleotide

Polymer- DNA strand

67
Q

What is the monomer and polymer of protein?

A

Monomer- amino acid

Polymer- Polypedtide

68
Q

What is the monomer and polymer of lipids?

A

Monomer- fatty acid bonded to glycerol

Polymer- triglyceride

Grade 12 Biology (2 decks)

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