Chapter 1: The Modern State of Health and Fitness

Question 1

Obesity

Answer 1

A complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat; classified by a body mass index of 30 or greater

Question 2

Kinesiology

Answer 2

Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology

Question 3

Evidence-based practice

Answer 3

A practice that relies on evidence for guidance and decision-making and includes developing individual expertise, staying current on the best sources of external evidence (e.g., peer-reviewed research), and prioritizing client values and expectations.

Question 4

Musculoskeletal system

Answer 4

The combined, interworking system of all muscles and bones in the body.

Question 5

Deconditioned

Answer 5

A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability.

Question 6

Overweight

Answer 6

A body weight greater than what is considered within normal standards; a body mass index of 25.0 to 29.9

Question 7

Muscle imbalance

Answer 7

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

Question 8

Joint stability

Answer 8

The support provided by tissues surrounding a joint to maintain and provide control during movement

Question 9

Socioeconomic status

Answer 9

The social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation.

Question 10

Morbidity

Answer 10

The state of having a disease

Question 11

Mortality

Answer 11

A state or a risk of death or dying

Question 12

Homeostasis

Answer 12

The process by which the human body strives to maintain a relatively stable equilibrium

Question 13

Risk factor

Answer 13

Any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.

Question 14

Cholesterol

Answer 14

A waxy, fatlike substance found in bodily cells

Question 15

Stroke

Answer 15

A sudden lack of blood supply to the brain, caused by either a blockage in an artery or ruptured blood vessel.

Question 16

Heart attack

Answer 16

The action that occurs when an artery supplying the heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked; medically known as a myocardial infarction.

Question 17

Heart failure

Answer 17

A condition in which the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

Question 18

Heart valve problem

Answer 18

A condition that occurs when one or more heart valves do not function properly, causing shortness of breath and reduced oxygen supply to the body.

Question 19

Arrhythmia

Answer 19

A problem with the rate or rhythm of a person’s heartbeat. The heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern.

Question 20

Ischemic heart disease

Answer 20

A category of heart-related problems caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle.

Question 21

Atherosclerosis

Answer 21

The processes by which plaque is formed in arteries leading to reduced blood flow.

Question 22

Physical activity

Answer 22

Bodily movement that results in energy expenditure and encompasses many modes and intensities. Movement that is not structured exercise such as recreational pursuits (e.g., golfing, gardening, and walking a dog).

Question 23

Hypertension

Answer 23

Consistently elevated blood pressure.

Question 24

Systolic blood pressure (SBP)

Answer 24

The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is contracting; the first (top) number recorded.

Question 25

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

Answer 25

The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when heart is at rest or between beats; the second (bottom) number recorded.

Question 26

Diabetes

Answer 26

Chronic metabolic disorder, caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fat and protein.

Question 27

Glucose

Answer 27

The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy.

Question 28

Insulin resistance

Answer 28

The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes.

Question 29

Cancer

Answer 29

A group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

Question 30

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 30

A general term used to describe progressive lung diseases, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (nonreversible) asthma.

Question 31

Endorphins

Answer 31

A group of hormones secreted by the brain that provides a variety of physiological functions, such as reducing the perception of pain.

Question 32

Skeletal muscle

Answer 32

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.

Question 33

Sprain

Answer 33

A stretching or tearing of ligaments.

Question 34

Plantar fasciitis

Answer 34

An inflammation of the fibrous tissue (plantar fascia) along the bottom of the foot, which often results in intense heel pain.

Question 35

Patellar tendonitis

Answer 35

An injury or inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia (shin bone).

Question 36

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear

Answer 36

A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee.

Question 37

Medial collateral ligament (MCL) tear

Answer 37

A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee.

Question 38

Shoulder impingement syndrome

Answer 38

Shoulder pain caused by rotator cuff tissues rubbing against the acromion bone of the shoulder.