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Biology 130 Lecture > Chapter 1: The Human Organism > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Organism Flashcards

Study Topics

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define: Anatomy

A

investigates the body; means to disect

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2
Q

Define: Physiology

A

investigates processes and functions

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3
Q

Define: Human Physiology

A

studies the human organism

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4
Q

Importance of Anatomy & Physiology

A 
to understand how the body:
° responds to stimuli
° environmental changes
° environmental cues
° diseases
° injury
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5
Q

Chemical Level

A

atoms combine to form molecules

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6
Q

Cellular Level

A

molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus & mitochondria, which make up cells

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7
Q

Tissue Level

A

similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

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8
Q

Organ Level

A

different tissues combine to form organs

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9
Q

Organ System Level

A

organs make up an organ system

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10
Q

Organism Level

A

organ systems make up an organism

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11
Q

Chemical Discipline

A

smallest level; atoms, chemical bonds, molecules

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12
Q

Cellular Discipline

A

basic units of life; compartments and organelles; mitochondria, nucleus

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13
Q

Tissues Discipline

A

group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release

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14
Q

What are the four broad types of tissues?

A

° epithelial
° connective
° muscular
° nervous

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15
Q

Organs Discipline

A

two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s); examples: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney

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16
Q

Organ-System Discipline

A

group of organs contributing to some function; for example, digestive system, reproductive system

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17
Q

Organism Discipline

A

all organ systems working together; includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria

18
Q

Define: Homeostasis

A

maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment

19
Q

How do we keep homeostasis in balance?

A

normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point

20
Q

Define: Set point

A

normal, or average value of a variable over time; body temperature fluctuates around a set point

21
Q

Positive Feedback

A

mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response

22
Q

Negative Feedback

A

main mechanism used for homeostatic regulation

23
Q

Detection (negative feedback)

A

of deviation away from set point

24
Q

Correction (negative feedback)

A

reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range

25
Q

Define: Metabolism

A

sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism; ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes

26
Q

Define: Responsiveness

A

ability to sense and respond to environmental changes; includes both internal and external environments

27
Q

Define: Organization

A

functional interrelationship between parts (movements)

28
Q

Define: Growth

A

can increase in size; size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials

29
Q

Define: Development

A

changes in form and size

30
Q

Define: Differentiation

A

changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized

31
Q

Define: Reproduction

A

formation of new cells or new organisms; generation of new individuals; tissue repair

32
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

person standing erect with face and palms forward

33
Q

Define: Proximal

A

close to point of attachment

34
Q

Define: Distal

A

far from point of attachment

35
Q

Define: Superficial

A

structure close to the surface

36
Q

Define: Deep

A

structure toward the interior of the body

37
Q

Define: Superior

A

above

38
Q

Define: Inferior

A

below

39
Q

Define: Anterior

A

front (also: ventral)

40
Q

Define: Posterior

A

back (also: dorsal)

Biology 130 Lecture (1 decks)

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