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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1 The Human Body Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1 The Human Body Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

The structure of the body its parts and their relationships to one another.

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2
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

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3
Q

Regional anatomy

A

All structures in a given area studied at one time.

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4
Q

System anatomy

A

Gross anatomy is studied system by system.

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5
Q

Surface anatomy

A

The study of the internal body structures as they relate to the skin surface.

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6
Q

Palpable

A

Capable of being touched

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7
Q

Palpation

A

Physical examination for medical diagnosis by pressure of the hands or fingers to the surface of the body to determine the condition of the underlying part.

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8
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Concerns structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

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9
Q

Histology

A

Considers tissues.

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10
Q

Cell biology

A

Considers cells.

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11
Q

Embryology

A

Concerns the developmental changes that occur before birth and helps to explain birth defects.

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12
Q

Renal physiology

A

Kidney function.

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13
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Workings of nervous system.

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14
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

examines operation of heart and blood vessels.

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15
Q

Principle of complementary of structure and function

A

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable; function is always reflected in structure.

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16
Q

Cells

A

Basic unit of life, made of molecules.

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17
Q

Tissues

A

Consists of similar types of cells that have a common function.

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18
Q

Epithelium

A

A covering body surfaces and lines body cavities.

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19
Q

Muscles

A

Provides movement.

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20
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports and protects the body.

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21
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Provides a means of rapid communication for the body via electrical impulses.

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22
Q

Organ

A

A discrete structure composed of two or more tissues that performs specific function for the body.

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23
Q

Organ system

A

Organs that work closely together to accomplish a purpose.

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24
Q

Organism

A

A single living thing; i.e., a human being.

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25
Q

Integumentary system

A

Forms external body covering. Helps regulate body temperature. Protects deeper tissue from injury. Contains receptors for pain, pressure etc. sweat and oil glands.

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26
Q

Skeletal system

A

Protects and supports body organs. Provides a framework for muscles that cause movements. Blood cells are formed within bones. Stores minerals.

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27
Q

Muscular system

A

Allows environment to be manipulated. Permits movement. Maintains posture. Produces heat.

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28
Q

Nervous system

A

Responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands. Fast acting control system.

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29
Q

Endocrine system

A

Glands secrete hormones, chemical messengers that regulate processes like growth, reproduction, nutrient use. Blood vessels transport materials, such as O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes via blood. Heart pumps blood.

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30
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels. Involved in immunity. Houses white blood cells. Mounts attacks against foreign organisms.

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31
Q

Respiratory system

A

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen. Removes carbon dioxide.

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32
Q

Digestive system

A

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Eliminates indigestible material.

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33
Q

Urinary system

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes (Proteins contain nitrogen). Regulates water electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood.

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34
Q

Reproductive system

A

Production of offspring

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35
Q

Maintenance of Boundaries

A

Internal environment must be distinct from external.

36
Q

Movement

A

Locomotion movement of substances.

37
Q

Responsiveness

A

The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and respond to them.

38
Q

Digestion

A

Break-down and absorption of nutrients.

39
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions in the body cells; produces energy; makes the body structures.

40
Q

Excretion

A

The process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the body structures.

41
Q

Growth

A

Increases cell size and number of cells.

42
Q

Normal body temperature

A

37 Degrees Celsius or 98.6 Degrees Fahrenheit

43
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of the air.

44
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of stable internal environment.

45
Q

Communication

A

Accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems.

46
Q

Receptor

A

Some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli by sending information to control center along the afferent pathway.

47
Q

Control center

A

Determines the set point (level or range) at which a variable is to be maintained; information flows from control center to effector.

48
Q

Effector

A

Provides the means for the control center’s response.

49
Q

Negative feedback mechanism

A

Depresses stimulus, control mechanism is shut off.

50
Q

Positive feedback mechanism

A

Reaction is stimulated to continue.

51
Q

Cascade Effect

A

Set off a series of events that have an amplifying effect.

52
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Initial reference point, resembles standing at attention.

53
Q

Superior

A

Cranial

54
Q

Inferior

A

Caudal

55
Q

Anterior

A

Ventral

56
Q

Posterior

A

Dorsal

57
Q

Superficial

A

External

58
Q

Deep

A

Internal

59
Q

Axial

A

Makes up the main axis of our body. Includes head, neck and trunk.

60
Q

Appendicular

A

Consists of appendages or limbs which are attached to the axial portion. Includes arms and legs.

61
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left portions.

62
Q

Midsagittal section

A

Cut along the median plane; right and left parts are EQUAL in size.

63
Q

Coronal or Frontal Plane

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

64
Q

Transverse or Horizontal Plane

A

A horizontal plane that divides the body in top superior and inferior portions.

65
Q

Longitudinal Section

A

A section through a plane along the long axis of an organ.

66
Q

Cross Section

A

A section through a plane perpendicular (90 degrees) to the long axis of an organ.

67
Q

Oblique Section

A

A section through a plane at an angle other than 90 degrees to the long axis of an organ.

68
Q

Viscera

A

Internal organ located in a large body cavity of the trunk.

69
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Contains the brain.

70
Q

Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity

A

Contains the spinal cord.

71
Q

Diaphragm

A

A dome shaped muscular partition needed for breathing.

72
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Superior subdivision.

73
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Inferior subdivision.

74
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Houses liver, stomach, spleen, intestines, kidneys.

75
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Houses bladder, rectum, female reproductive organs, internal male reproductive organs.

76
Q

Oral Cavity

A

Contains teeth and tongue.

77
Q

Digestive Cavities

A

Hollow within continuous digestive tract that opens to the exterior at the anus.

78
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

Within and posterior to nose.

79
Q

Orbital Cavity

A

Lie medial to the eardrums, contain tiny bones which transmit sound vibrations for hearing.

80
Q

Synovial Cavities

A

Joint cavities, enclosed by fibrous capsule, surround freely movable joints, membranes lining cavity make lubricating fluid to reduce friction between bones that form joint.

81
Q

Umbilical Region

A

Surrounds the (navel), the center most region.

82
Q

Epigastric

A

(Epi- upon, gastric- stomach, above the umbilical region.

83
Q

Hypogastric

A

(Hypo-below), region below the umbilical region.

84
Q

Iliac region

A

(Right/left); located lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac= superior part of the coral (pelvic) bone.

85
Q

Lumbar

A

Lie lateral to the umbilical region (lumbar- lower back)

86
Q

Hypochondriac region

A

Lie lateral to the epigastric region (chrondro= cartilage, in this case refers to the coastal cartilages of the rib cage)

Anatomy & Physiology (1 decks)

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