Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of structures of body parts and their relationships to one another
Integumentary System:
list organs/function
- Skin, hair, nails, oil glands, sweat glands
- Forms external body covering
- Protects deep tissues from injury
- Synthesizes Vitamin D
Physiology
The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
Skeletal System:
list organs/function
- Bone, cartilage, ligaments
- Protects and supports
- Provides framework for muscles
- Site of blood cell formation
- Stores minerals
Muscular System:
list organs/function
- Muscles, tendons
- Manipulation of the environment
- Locomotion
- Facial expressions
- Maintains posture
- Produces heat
Nervous System:
list organs/function
- Brain, spinal column, nerves
- Fast-acting control center of body
- Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
Endocrine System:
list organs/function
- Glands secrete hormones
- Regulates growth, reproduction, and metabolism
- Slow-acting body control
Cardiovascular System:
list organs/function
- Heart, blood vessels
- Heart pumps blood
- Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
Lymphatic/Immunity System:
list organs/function
- Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, red bone marrow, thymus, spleen
- Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
- Disposes of debris in lymph stream
- Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
Respiratory System:
list organs/function
- Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
- Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Digestive System:
list organs/function
- Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
- Breaks down food into absorbable units
- Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs through feces
Urinary System:
list organs/function
- Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, kidneys
- Eliminates nitrogenous waste
- Regulates pH, electrolytes, and water balance of the blood
Male Reproductive System:
list organs/function
- Penis, prostate gland, testes, scrotum, ductus deferens
- Production of offspring
- Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
- Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
Female Reproductive System:
list organs/function
- Mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
- Production of offspring
- Ovaries produce the eggs and female sex hormones
- Remaining structures serves as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
- Mammary glands produce milk
List the eight necessary life functions
- Maintaining boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
List the five survival needs
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Normal body temperature (98.6ºF, 37ºC)
- Atmospheric pressure
What are some examples of Macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What are some examples of Micronutrients?
Vitamins, minerals
Homeostasis
Ability to maintain relatively stable internal environment
What are the three basic components of a homeostatic controlled mechanism?
- Receptor
- Control Center
- Effector
Receptor
- Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
- Send information (input) to control center
Control Center
- Determines set point
- Analyzes the information (input)
- Determines appropriate response
- Sends information (output) to effector
Effector
Provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus
Negative Feedback
MOST COMMON
- Response decreases the original stimulus
- Results in a return to homeostatic equilibrium
What are some examples of negative feedback?
- Regulation of body temperature
- Regulation of blood sugar
Positive Feedback
- Response enhances the original stimulus
- Results in a shift to a new homeostatic equilibrium
What are some examples of positive feedback?
- Blood clotting
- Pregnancy/Childbirth
Homeostatic Imbalances
A disturbance in homeostasis (As we age, our body’s control system becomes less efficient, and internal environment becomes less stable), resulting in disease.
What is likely to happen to a person that experiences homeostatic imbalance?
Disease, injury (which could also lead to death
If homeostatic imbalance results in disease or injury, the disease/injury may be ___ or ___.
How do they detect imbalance?
Local or systemic
Signs & Symptoms
Signs - objective change which are observable
Symptoms - subjective, not observable
