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A&PI > Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of structures of body parts and their relationships to one another

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1
Q

Integumentary System:

list organs/function

A
  • Skin, hair, nails, oil glands, sweat glands
  • Forms external body covering
  • Protects deep tissues from injury
  • Synthesizes Vitamin D
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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

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3
Q

Skeletal System:

list organs/function

A
  • Bone, cartilage, ligaments
  • Protects and supports
  • Provides framework for muscles
  • Site of blood cell formation
  • Stores minerals
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4
Q

Muscular System:

list organs/function

A
  • Muscles, tendons
  • Manipulation of the environment
  • Locomotion
  • Facial expressions
  • Maintains posture
  • Produces heat
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5
Q

Nervous System:

list organs/function

A
  • Brain, spinal column, nerves
  • Fast-acting control center of body
  • Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
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6
Q

Endocrine System:

list organs/function

A
  • Glands secrete hormones
  • Regulates growth, reproduction, and metabolism
  • Slow-acting body control
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7
Q

Cardiovascular System:

list organs/function

A
  • Heart, blood vessels
  • Heart pumps blood
  • Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
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8
Q

Lymphatic/Immunity System:

list organs/function

A
  • Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, red bone marrow, thymus, spleen
  • Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
  • Disposes of debris in lymph stream
  • Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
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9
Q

Respiratory System:

list organs/function

A
  • Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

- Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

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10
Q

Digestive System:

list organs/function

A
  • Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
  • Breaks down food into absorbable units
  • Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs through feces
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11
Q

Urinary System:

list organs/function

A
  • Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, kidneys
  • Eliminates nitrogenous waste
  • Regulates pH, electrolytes, and water balance of the blood
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12
Q

Male Reproductive System:

list organs/function

A
  • Penis, prostate gland, testes, scrotum, ductus deferens
  • Production of offspring
  • Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
  • Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
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13
Q

Female Reproductive System:

list organs/function

A
  • Mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
  • Production of offspring
  • Ovaries produce the eggs and female sex hormones
  • Remaining structures serves as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
  • Mammary glands produce milk
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14
Q

List the eight necessary life functions

A
  1. Maintaining boundaries
  2. Movement
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Digestion
  5. Metabolism
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
  8. Growth
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15
Q

List the five survival needs

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Normal body temperature (98.6ºF, 37ºC)
  5. Atmospheric pressure
16
Q

What are some examples of Macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

17
Q

What are some examples of Micronutrients?

A

Vitamins, minerals

18
Q

Homeostasis

A

Ability to maintain relatively stable internal environment

19
Q

What are the three basic components of a homeostatic controlled mechanism?

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Control Center
  3. Effector
20
Q

Receptor

A
  • Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

- Send information (input) to control center

21
Q

Control Center

A
  • Determines set point
  • Analyzes the information (input)
  • Determines appropriate response
  • Sends information (output) to effector
22
Q

Effector

A

Provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus

23
Q

Negative Feedback

A

MOST COMMON

  • Response decreases the original stimulus
  • Results in a return to homeostatic equilibrium
24
Q

What are some examples of negative feedback?

A
  • Regulation of body temperature

- Regulation of blood sugar

25
Q

Positive Feedback

A
  • Response enhances the original stimulus

- Results in a shift to a new homeostatic equilibrium

26
Q

What are some examples of positive feedback?

A
  • Blood clotting

- Pregnancy/Childbirth

27
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances

A

A disturbance in homeostasis (As we age, our body’s control system becomes less efficient, and internal environment becomes less stable), resulting in disease.

28
Q

What is likely to happen to a person that experiences homeostatic imbalance?

A

Disease, injury (which could also lead to death

29
Q

If homeostatic imbalance results in disease or injury, the disease/injury may be ___ or ___.

How do they detect imbalance?

A

Local or systemic

Signs & Symptoms
Signs - objective change which are observable
Symptoms - subjective, not observable

A&PI (2 decks)

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