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Bio 205: Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Studies the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Concerns the function of the body; how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities

A

Physiology

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3
Q

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye; such as heart, lungs, and kidneys

A

Gross or macroscopic anatomy

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4
Q

All the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time

A

Regional anatomy

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5
Q

Body structure is studied system by system

A

Systemic anatomy

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6
Q

Structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

A

Microscopic anatomy

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7
Q

Considers the cells of the body

A

Cytology

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8
Q

The study of tissues in the body

A

Histology

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9
Q

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan

A

Developmental anatomy

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10
Q

Developmental changes that occur before birth

A

Embryology

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11
Q

Structural changes caused by disease

A

Pathological anatomy

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12
Q

Internal structures as visualized by X-ray

A

Radiographic anatomy

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13
Q

Feeling organs with your hands

A

Palpation

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14
Q

Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

A

Auscultation

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15
Q

Concerning kidney function and urine production

A

Renal physiology

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16
Q

Explains the workings of the nervous system

A

Neurophysiology

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17
Q

Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular physiology

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18
Q

Principle of complementarily of structure and function

A

Function always reflects structure

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19
Q

Simplest level of the structural hierarchy

A

Chemical level

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20
Q

Combine to form molecules

A

Atoms

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21
Q

Form organelles

A

Molecules

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22
Q

Groups of similar cells that have a common function

A

Tissues

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23
Q

The four basic types of tissues in the human body

A

Epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous

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24
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Covers the body surface, and lines its cavities

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25
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

Provides movement

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26
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Supports and protects body organs

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27
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

Provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses

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28
Q

discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types, that performs a specific function for the body

A

Organ

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29
Q

The human organism is made up of many organ systems

A

Organismal level

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30
Q

Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

A

Organ system level

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31
Q

Organs are made up of different types of tissues

A

Organ level

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32
Q

Tissues consist of similar types of cells

A

Tissue Level

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33
Q

Cells are made up of molecules

A

Cellular level

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34
Q

Atoms combine to form molecules

A

Chemical level

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35
Q

Levels of structural organization in order

A

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level.

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36
Q

Extremely complex functions become possible

A

Organ level

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37
Q

Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

A

Organ system

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38
Q

Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together

A

Organismal level

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39
Q

Like all complex animals…

A

humans maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, take in and digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce themselves, and grow.

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40
Q

All body cells are…

A

Interdependent

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41
Q

Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)

A

Digestive system

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42
Q

Takes in oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide

A

Respiratory system

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43
Q

Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs

A

Cardiovascular system

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44
Q

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

A

Urinary system

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45
Q

Protects the body as a whole from the external environment

A

Integumentary system

46
Q

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands

A

Integumentary system- Hair, Skin, Nails

47
Q

As the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

A

Nervous system- Brain, spinal cord, nerves

48
Q

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; Blood cells are formed within bones, and bones store minerals

A

Skeletal system- Joints and Bones

49
Q

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

A

Endocrine system- Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis

50
Q

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and fascial expressions; maintains posture and produces heat

A

Muscular system- skeletal muscles

51
Q

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. ; The heart pumps blood

A

Cardiovascular system- Blood vessels, heart

52
Q

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity; the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body

A

Lymphatic system/Immunity- red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

53
Q

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

A

Urinary system- kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

54
Q

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide ; these exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs in the lungs

A

Respiratory system- nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus

55
Q

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

A

Digestive system- oral cavity, esophagus, large intestine, liver, stomach, small intestine, rectum, anus

56
Q

Overall function is production of offspring; testes produce sperm and the male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract

A

Male reproductive system- penis, testis, prostate, scrotum, ducts deferens

57
Q

Overall function is the produce offspring; ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus; mammary glands of the female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn

A

Female reproductive system- Mammary glands (in breasts), ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube

58
Q

Every living organism must maintain its…

A

Boundaries so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment

59
Q

Separates the intracellular fluid inside cells from the extracellular fluid outside

A

Plasma membrane

60
Q

Includes the activities promoted by the muscular system

A

Movement

61
Q

Provides the bony framework that the muscles pull on as they work

A

Skeletal system

62
Q

The muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening is more precisely called…

A

Contractility

63
Q

The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment, and then respond to them

A

Responsiveness or excitability

64
Q

System mostly involved with responsiveness

A

Nervous system

65
Q

Breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

A

Digestion

66
Q

Includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

A

Metabolism

67
Q

Depends on the digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood, and on the cardiovascular system to distribute them throughout the body

A

Metabolism

68
Q

The process of removing wastes from the body

A

Excretion

69
Q

Occurs at the cellular and the organismal level

A

Reproduction

70
Q

The original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair

A

Cellular reproduction

71
Q

Because males produce sperm and females produce eggs (ova), there…

A

Is a division of labor in reproduction, and the reproductive organs of males and females are different

72
Q

An increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole; usually accomplished by increasing the number of cells

A

Growth

73
Q

The ultimate goal of all body systems

A

Maintain life

74
Q

Includes nutrients (food), oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure

A

Survival needs

75
Q

Taken in via the diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building; most plant-derived foods are rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, whereas most animal foods are richer in proteins and fats

A

Nutrients

76
Q

The major energy fuel for body cells

A

Carbohydrates

77
Q

Essential for building cell structures

A

Proteins, and to a lesser extent- fats

78
Q

Provide a reserve of energy rich fuel

A

Fats

79
Q

Required for the chemical reactions that go on in cells and for oxygen transport in the blood

A

Selected minerals and vitamins

80
Q

Human cells can only survive for a few minutes without…

A

Oxygen

81
Q

Accounts for 50-60% of our body weight; single most abundant chemical substance in the body; provides the watery environment necessary for chemical reactions, and the fluid base for body secretions and excretions

A

Water

82
Q

Must be maintained in order for chemical reactions to continue at life-sustaining rates; metabolic reactions slow after reaching below 37C/98.6F, and eventually stop ; when too high, chemical reactions occur at a frantic pace, and body systems stop functioning; both extremes result in death; activity of the muscular system

A

Normal body temperature

83
Q

The force that air exerts on the surface of the body; breathing and gas exchange in the lungs are dependent on this; at high altitudes where the air is thin, gas exchange may be inadequate to support cellular metabolism

A

Appropriate atmospheric pressure

84
Q

The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions; Dynamic state of equilibrium

A

Homeostasis

85
Q

systems that establish communication for homeostasis; information carriers

A

Nervous and endocrine

86
Q

Factor or event being regulated

A

Variable

87
Q

Sensor that monitors the environment; and responds to stimuli by sending information (input) along the different pathway to the second component, the control center

A

Receptor

88
Q

Determines the set point, which is the level (or range of levels) at which a variable is set to me maintained; analyzes the input it receives by comparing it to the set point, and determines the appropriate response

A

Control center

89
Q

Carries out the control center’s response to the stimulus; results of the response feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus, reducing it so that it shuts off, or enhancing it so that it continues at a faster rate

A

Effector

90
Q

Output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus, or reduces its intensity; causes the variable to change in a direction opposite to that if the original change , returning it to its “ideal” value

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

91
Q

The sudden movement away from a painful stimulus

A

Withdrawal reflex

92
Q

Goal of all negative feedback mechanisms

A

Preventing severe changes within the body

93
Q

Example of hormonal negative feedback

A

The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin

94
Q

Example of a nonbiological negative feedback system

A

A home heating system connected to a temperature-sensing thermostat; thermostat houses both the receptor (thermometer), and the control center; the temperature of the house stays very near the desired temperature

95
Q

The “thermostat” of your body that keeps yourself at a constant internal temperature

A

Hypothalamus

96
Q

The initial response enhances the original stimulus; the results proceed in the same direction as the initial change, causing the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range; usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments

A

Positive feedback mechanisms

97
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms that amplify the original stimulus are often called

A

Cascades

98
Q

Most disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance

A

Homeostasis

99
Q

As we age, our body’s control systems become less and less stable; usual negative feedback systems are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over

A

Homeostatic imbalance

100
Q

Anatomical reference point; standard body position; erect body with the feet slightly apart; palms face forwards, and thumbs point away from the body

A

Anatomical position

101
Q

Allows us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

A

Directional terms

102
Q

Consists of the appendages or limbs which are attached to the body’s axis

A

Appendicular part

103
Q

Makes up the main part of our body; includes the head, neck, and trunk

A

Axial part

104
Q

Used to designate specific areas within the major body divisions

A

Regional terms

105
Q

Regional terms Anterior/Ventral of the cephalic (head/neck)

A

Frontal (forehead), Orbital (eye), Nasal (nose), Buccal (cheek), Oral (mouth), Mental (chin)

106
Q

Regional terms Anterior/Ventral of the cervical thoracic (chest)

A

Sternal (middle of chest), Axillary (side of chest), Mammary (breast)

107
Q

Regional terms of the Anterior/Ventral abdominal

A

Umbilical (belly button)

108
Q

Regional terms Anterior/Ventral of the pelvic (pelvis)

A

Inguinal (groin), Pubic (genitals)

109
Q

Regional terms of the Anterior/Ventral Upper limb (arm)

A

Acromial (shoulder), Brachial (middle upper arm), Antecubital (inner elbow), Antebrachial (forearm), Carpal (wrist)

110
Q

Regional terms of the Anterior/Ventral Manus (hand)

A

Metacarpal (palm), Palmar (knuckles), Pollex (thumb), Digital (fingers)

111
Q

Regional terms of the Anterior/Ventral lower limb (leg)

A

Coxal (hip), Femoral (thigh), Patellar (knee), Crural (leg), Fibular (front calf)

112
Q

Regional terms of the Anterior/Ventral pedal (foot)

A

Tarsal (ankle), Metatarsal (top of foot), Digital (toes), Hallux (big toe)

Bio 205: Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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