Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards
1
Q
Studies the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another
A
Anatomy
2
Q
Concerns the function of the body; how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities
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Physiology
3
Q
The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye; such as heart, lungs, and kidneys
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Gross or macroscopic anatomy
4
Q
All the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time
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Regional anatomy
5
Q
Body structure is studied system by system
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Systemic anatomy
6
Q
Structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
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Microscopic anatomy
7
Q
Considers the cells of the body
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Cytology
8
Q
The study of tissues in the body
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Histology
9
Q
Traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan
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Developmental anatomy
10
Q
Developmental changes that occur before birth
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Embryology
11
Q
Structural changes caused by disease
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Pathological anatomy
12
Q
Internal structures as visualized by X-ray
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Radiographic anatomy
13
Q
Feeling organs with your hands
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Palpation
14
Q
Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
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Auscultation
15
Q
Concerning kidney function and urine production
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Renal physiology
16
Q
Explains the workings of the nervous system
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Neurophysiology
17
Q
Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
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Cardiovascular physiology
18
Q
Principle of complementarily of structure and function
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Function always reflects structure
19
Q
Simplest level of the structural hierarchy
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Chemical level
20
Q
Combine to form molecules
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Atoms
21
Q
Form organelles
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Molecules
22
Q
Groups of similar cells that have a common function
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Tissues
23
Q
The four basic types of tissues in the human body
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Epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous
24
Q
What does epithelial tissue do?
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Covers the body surface, and lines its cavities
25
What does muscle tissue do?
Provides movement
26
What does connective tissue do?
Supports and protects body organs
27
What does nervous tissue do?
Provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses
28
discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types, that performs a specific function for the body
Organ
29
The human organism is made up of many organ systems
Organismal level
30
Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organ system level
31
Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ level
32
Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Tissue Level
33
Cells are made up of molecules
Cellular level
34
Atoms combine to form molecules
Chemical level
35
Levels of structural organization in order
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level.
36
Extremely complex functions become possible
Organ level
37
Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
Organ system
38
Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together
Organismal level
39
Like all complex animals...
humans maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, take in and digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce themselves, and grow.
40
All body cells are...
Interdependent
41
Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
Digestive system
42
Takes in oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide
Respiratory system
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Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs
Cardiovascular system
44
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions
Urinary system
45
Protects the body as a whole from the external environment
Integumentary system
46
Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands
Integumentary system- Hair, Skin, Nails
47
As the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Nervous system- Brain, spinal cord, nerves
48
Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; Blood cells are formed within bones, and bones store minerals
Skeletal system- Joints and Bones
49
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
Endocrine system- Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis
50
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and fascial expressions; maintains posture and produces heat
Muscular system- skeletal muscles
51
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. ; The heart pumps blood
Cardiovascular system- Blood vessels, heart
52
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity; the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
Lymphatic system/Immunity- red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
53
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
Urinary system- kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
54
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide ; these exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs in the lungs
Respiratory system- nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus
55
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
Digestive system- oral cavity, esophagus, large intestine, liver, stomach, small intestine, rectum, anus
56
Overall function is production of offspring; testes produce sperm and the male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract
Male reproductive system- penis, testis, prostate, scrotum, ducts deferens
57
Overall function is the produce offspring; ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus; mammary glands of the female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
Female reproductive system- Mammary glands (in breasts), ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube
58
Every living organism must maintain its...
Boundaries so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment
59
Separates the intracellular fluid inside cells from the extracellular fluid outside
Plasma membrane
60
Includes the activities promoted by the muscular system
Movement
61
Provides the bony framework that the muscles pull on as they work
Skeletal system
62
The muscle cell's ability to move by shortening is more precisely called...
Contractility
63
The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment, and then respond to them
Responsiveness or excitability
64
System mostly involved with responsiveness
Nervous system
65
Breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
Digestion
66
Includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
Metabolism
67
Depends on the digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood, and on the cardiovascular system to distribute them throughout the body
Metabolism
68
The process of removing wastes from the body
Excretion
69
Occurs at the cellular and the organismal level
Reproduction
70
The original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair
Cellular reproduction
71
Because males produce sperm and females produce eggs (ova), there...
Is a division of labor in reproduction, and the reproductive organs of males and females are different
72
An increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole; usually accomplished by increasing the number of cells
Growth
73
The ultimate goal of all body systems
Maintain life
74
Includes nutrients (food), oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure
Survival needs
75
Taken in via the diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building; most plant-derived foods are rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, whereas most animal foods are richer in proteins and fats
Nutrients
76
The major energy fuel for body cells
Carbohydrates
77
Essential for building cell structures
Proteins, and to a lesser extent- fats
78
Provide a reserve of energy rich fuel
Fats
79
Required for the chemical reactions that go on in cells and for oxygen transport in the blood
Selected minerals and vitamins
80
Human cells can only survive for a few minutes without...
Oxygen
81
Accounts for 50-60% of our body weight; single most abundant chemical substance in the body; provides the watery environment necessary for chemical reactions, and the fluid base for body secretions and excretions
Water
82
Must be maintained in order for chemical reactions to continue at life-sustaining rates; metabolic reactions slow after reaching below 37C/98.6F, and eventually stop ; when too high, chemical reactions occur at a frantic pace, and body systems stop functioning; both extremes result in death; activity of the muscular system
Normal body temperature
83
The force that air exerts on the surface of the body; breathing and gas exchange in the lungs are dependent on this; at high altitudes where the air is thin, gas exchange may be inadequate to support cellular metabolism
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
84
The body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions; Dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis
85
systems that establish communication for homeostasis; information carriers
Nervous and endocrine
86
Factor or event being regulated
Variable
87
Sensor that monitors the environment; and responds to stimuli by sending information (input) along the different pathway to the second component, the control center
Receptor
88
Determines the set point, which is the level (or range of levels) at which a variable is set to me maintained; analyzes the input it receives by comparing it to the set point, and determines the appropriate response
Control center
89
Carries out the control center's response to the stimulus; results of the response feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus, reducing it so that it shuts off, or enhancing it so that it continues at a faster rate
Effector
90
Output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus, or reduces its intensity; causes the variable to change in a direction opposite to that if the original change , returning it to its "ideal" value
Negative feedback mechanisms
91
The sudden movement away from a painful stimulus
Withdrawal reflex
92
Goal of all negative feedback mechanisms
Preventing severe changes within the body
93
Example of hormonal negative feedback
The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin
94
Example of a nonbiological negative feedback system
A home heating system connected to a temperature-sensing thermostat; thermostat houses both the receptor (thermometer), and the control center; the temperature of the house stays very near the desired temperature
95
The "thermostat" of your body that keeps yourself at a constant internal temperature
Hypothalamus
96
The initial response enhances the original stimulus; the results proceed in the same direction as the initial change, causing the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range; usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments
Positive feedback mechanisms
97
Positive feedback mechanisms that amplify the original stimulus are often called
Cascades
98
Most disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance
Homeostasis
99
As we age, our body's control systems become less and less stable; usual negative feedback systems are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over
Homeostatic imbalance
100
Anatomical reference point; standard body position; erect body with the feet slightly apart; palms face forwards, and thumbs point away from the body
Anatomical position
101
Allows us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another
Directional terms
102
Consists of the appendages or limbs which are attached to the body's axis
Appendicular part
103
Makes up the main part of our body; includes the head, neck, and trunk
Axial part
104
Used to designate specific areas within the major body divisions
Regional terms
105
Regional terms Anterior/Ventral of the cephalic (head/neck)
Frontal (forehead), Orbital (eye), Nasal (nose), Buccal (cheek), Oral (mouth), Mental (chin)
106
Regional terms Anterior/Ventral of the cervical thoracic (chest)
Sternal (middle of chest), Axillary (side of chest), Mammary (breast)
107
Regional terms of the Anterior/Ventral abdominal
Umbilical (belly button)
108
Regional terms Anterior/Ventral of the pelvic (pelvis)
Inguinal (groin), Pubic (genitals)
109
Regional terms of the Anterior/Ventral Upper limb (arm)
Acromial (shoulder), Brachial (middle upper arm), Antecubital (inner elbow), Antebrachial (forearm), Carpal (wrist)
110
Regional terms of the Anterior/Ventral Manus (hand)
Metacarpal (palm), Palmar (knuckles), Pollex (thumb), Digital (fingers)
111
Regional terms of the Anterior/Ventral lower limb (leg)
Coxal (hip), Femoral (thigh), Patellar (knee), Crural (leg), Fibular (front calf)
112
Regional terms of the Anterior/Ventral pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle), Metatarsal (top of foot), Digital (toes), Hallux (big toe)
