Chapter 1 The Evolution Of Psychology

Question 0

Behavior

Answer 0

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Question 1

Applied Psychology

Answer 1

The branch of psychology concerned with practical problems.

Question 2

Behaviorism

Answer 2

The theoretical orientation asserting that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.

Question 3

Clinical Psychology

Answer 3

The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

Question 4

Cognition

Answer 4

Mental processes or thinking.

Question 5

Critical Thinking

Answer 5

The use of cognitive skills and strategies to increase the probability of a desirable outcome.

Question 6

Culture

Answer 6

Widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, and institutions that are transmitted socially across generations.

Question 7

Empiricism

Answer 7

The point of view that knowledge should be based on observation.

Question 8

Ethnocentrism

Answer 8

The tendency to view one’s own group as superior to other groups.

Question 9

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 9

Examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive or survival value for a species.

Question 10

Functionalism

Answer 10

School of thought asserting that psychology’s major purpose was to investigate the function or purpose of consciousness.

Question 11

Humanism

Answer 11

The psychological theory asserting that human beings are unique and fundamentally different from other animals.

Question 12

Introspection

Answer 12

Observation of one’s own conscious experience.

Question 13

Natural Selection

Answer 13

The Darwinian principle that characteristics that have a survival advantage for a species are more likely to be passed on to subsequent questions.

Question 14

Phi Phenomenon

Answer 14

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Question 15

Positive Psychology

Answer 15

A reaction against a negative emphasis in psychology; a new focus on positive, adaptive, and creative aspects of human existence.

Question 16

Psychiatry

Answer 16

The branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.

Question 17

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 17

Freudian theory that explains personality and abnormal behavior in terms or unconscious processes.

Question 18

Psychology

Answer 18

The science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and it is the profession that applies this knowledge to solving various practical problems.

Question 19

SQ3R

Answer 19

A five-step procedure designed to improve study skills.

Question 20

Stimulus

Answer 20

An observable activity or response by an organism.

Question 21

Structuralism

Answer 21

School of thought based on notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements.

Question 22

Testwiseness

Answer 22

Ability to use the characteristics and formats of a test to maximize one’s score.

Question 23

Theory

Answer 23

A system of ideas used to link together or explain a set of observations.

Question 24

Unconscious

Answer 24

According to psychodynamic theory, that portion of the mind containing thoughts, memories, and wishes not in awareness but nonetheless exerting a strong effect on human behavior.

Question 25

Sigmund Freud

Answer 25

Devised the theory and technique know as psychoanalysis.

Question 26

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 26

Established the first American research laboratory, launched America’s first psychological journal, was first president of the APA.

Question 27

William James

Answer 27

Chief architect of functionalism; described a “stream of consciousness.”

Question 28

Carl Rogers

Answer 28

A major proponent of “humanistic” psychology.

Question 29

B. F. Skinner

Answer 29

Identified operant conditioning.

Question 30

John B. Watson

Answer 30

Founded behaviorism.

Question 31

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 31

Founded experimental psychology and the first experimental psychology laboratory.