Chapter 1. The Evolution of Psychological Science

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of mind and behaviour

Question 2

Mind

Answer 2

The thoughts and feelings that we experience at every moment but that no one else can see

Question 3

Behaviour

Answer 3

The things we say and do that can be observed by others

Question 4

Philosophical Dualism

Answer 4

The view that mind and body are fundamentally different things

Question 5

Philosophical Materialism

Answer 5

The view that all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena

Question 6

Philosophical Realism

Answer 6

The view that perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by information from the sensory organs

Question 7

Philosophical Idealism

Answer 7

The view that perceptions of the physical world are the brain’s interpretation of information from the sensory organs

Question 8

Inference

Answer 8

A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

Question 9

Philosophical Empircism

Answer 9

The view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

Question 10

Philosophical Nativism

Answer 10

the view that some knowledge is innate rather than acquired

Question 11

Dualism vs Materialism

Answer 11

Dualism: mind and body are two distinct entities
Materialism: minds are inseparable from our bodies

Question 12

Realism vs Idealism

Answer 12

Idealism: Our reality is shaped by our own thoughts and ideas
Realism: Reality has an absolute existence independent from our own thoughts, ideas, and even consciousness

Question 13

Empircism vs Nativism

Answer 13

Nativism: certain kinds of knowledge are innate/inborn
Empircism: all knowledge is acquired through experience

Question 14

Which philosopher embraced philosophical dualism?

Answer 14

René Descartes

Question 15

What perspectives did John Locke embrace?

Answer 15

philosophical realism and philosophical empircism

Question 16

Which philosopher believed that knowledge was attained through experience?

Answer 16

John Locke

Question 17

What perspectives were embraced by Immanuel Kant

Answer 17

Philosophical idealism and philosophical nativism

Question 18

What is dualism?

Answer 18

a philosophy which supports the idea that the world is divided into two realms (the mental & the physical)

Question 19

What is Materialism?

Answer 19

A theory which supports the idea that our minds are inseparable from our bodies

Question 20

What is structualism?

Answer 20

An approach to psychology that attempted to isolate and analyze the min’s basic elements

Question 21

What is Introspection?

Answer 21

The analysis of subjective experience trained by observers

Question 22

What is functionalism?

Answer 22

An approach to psychology that emphasized the adaptive significance of mental processes

Question 23

What is Gestalt psychology?

Answer 23

an approach to psychology that emphasized the way in which the mind creates perceptual experience

Question 24

What is developmental psychology?

Answer 24

the study of ways in which psychological phenomena change over the life span

Question 25

What is social psychology?

Answer 25

the study of causes and consequence os sociality

Question 26

What is the principle of reinforcement?

Answer 26

a principle stating that any behaviour that is rewarded will be repeated and any behaviour that isn’t won’t

Question 27

what is behaviourism?

Answer 27

an approach to psychology that restricts scientific inquiry to observable behaviour

Question 28

what is physical stimuli?

Answer 28

part of the perceptual experience, but the whole is more than the some of its parts

Question 29

what is psycholoanalysis?

Answer 29

a therapy that aims to give people insight into the contents of their unconscious minds

Question 30

what is psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 30

a general theory that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts, and behaviours

Question 31

What is evolutionary psychology?

Answer 31

the study of the ways in which the human mind has been shaped by natural selection

Question 32

What is cognitive neuroscience

Answer 32

the study of the relationship between the brain and the mind

Question 33

what is behavioural neuroscience?

Answer 33

the study of the relationship between the brain and behaviour

Question 34

what is cognitive psychology?

Answer 34

the study of human information processing

Question 35

what is cultural psychology?

Answer 35

the study of how culture influences mental life