Chapter 1, The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Flashcards
Mental health commission of Canada
Provinces provide health services, however, federal initiatives as directed by Out of the Shadows at Last (2006) about the reports of the senate commission on mental health chaired by senator Michael Kirby, advised the establishment of the MHCC.
The messages of the MHCC about people living with mental disorders
- They have the right to receive the services and support they need.
- They have the right to be treated with the same dignity and respect as those struggling to recover from any kind of illness.
The initiatives of the MHCC
- Opening Minds
- Mental Health First Aid
- Mental Health Strategy of Canada
- Knowledge Exchange Centre
- Housing First
- Peer Project
David J. A. Dazois
A professor of psychology and director of the Clinical Psychology Graduate Program at Western University. I am registered as a psychologist in the Province of Ontario and certified by the Academy of Cognitive Therapy (ACT) and the Canadian Association of Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies (CACBT).
International psychological boards
- American Psychological Association, Society of Clinical Psychology (APA)
- British Psychological Society (BPS)
- New Zealand Psychologists Board (NZPB)
Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology
a practice model that involves the synthesis of information drawn from research and systematically collected data on the patient in question, the clinician’s professional experience, and the patient’s preferences when considering healthcare options.
- requires the clinician to synthesize information drawn from research and systematically collected data on the patient in question, the clinician’s professional experience, and the patient’s preferences when considering health care options.
- emphasizes the importance of informing patients, based on the best available research evidence, about viable options for assessment, prevention, or intervention services.
Criticism of EBP
- group-based data cannot be used in working with an individual
- clients have problems now, and we cannot afford to wait for the research
- each individual’s unique constellation of life experience, culture, and societal context makes it unlikely that general psychological principles can ever provide much useful guidance in alleviating emotional distress or interpersonal conflict
- there is simply no research evidence on how to understand or treat many of the human problems confronted by clinical psychologists on a daily basis.
Areas of psychology
cognitive, developmental, learning, personality, physiological, and social
Counselling Psychology
Historically, the distinction between clinical and counselling psychology was in terms of the severity of problems treated. Traditionally, the focus of clinical psychology was on the assessment and treatment of psychopathology—that is, manifestations of anxiety, depression, and other symptoms that were of sufficient severity to warrant a clinical diagnosis. On the other hand, counselling psychologists provided services to individuals who were dealing with normal challenges in life: predictable developmental transitions, such as leaving home to work or to attend university or college, dealing with changes in work or interpersonal roles, and handling the stress associated with academic or work demands.
Counselling psychology is best for educational settings.
School Psychology
Historically, school psychology emphasized services related specifically to the learning of children and adolescents, including the assessment of intellectual functioning; the evaluation of learning difficulties; and consultation with teachers, students, and parents about strategies for optimizing students’ learning potential. Clinical child psychology focused on the treatment of a diagnosable mental disorder.
Psychiatry
Psychiatric training deals extensively with physiological and biochemical systems and emphasizes biological functioning and abnormalities. Psychiatrists are well qualified to determine whether mental disorders are the result of medical problems and to unravel the possible interactions between physical illnesses and emotional disturbances.
They also utilize psychopharmacological treatments. Cognitive-behavioural and interpersonal therapies.
Examples of Psychiatrists
Aaron Beck was the primary developer of cognitive therapy for depression (and subsequently other disorders), Gerald Weissman was the primary developer of the interpersonal treatment of depression, and Isaac Marks has played a prominent role in the development of cognitive-behavioural treatments for anxiety disorders.
Clinical social work
Social work practice includes activities such as policy development, program planning, program management, research consultation, case management, discharge planning, counselling, therapy, and advocacy. Social workers are employed in diverse settings, including hospitals, community mental health centres, mental health clinics, schools, advocacy organizations, government departments, social service agencies, child welfare settings, family service agencies, correctional facilities, social housing organizations, family courts, employee assistance programs, school boards, and private counselling and consultation agencies.
Psychiatric Nurses
Offer services to individuals with needs related to mental and developmental health.
Child and Youth Care Workers
Child and youth care workers and counsellors have the least training and are the least likely to be members of a regulated profession.
Hippocrates
(often called the father of medicine) emphasized what is now known as a biopsychosocial approach to understanding both physical and psychological disorders (i.e., that biological, psychological, and social influences on health and illness must be considered). In abnormal psychology and personality textbooks, you will have learned about Hippocrates’ “bodily fluid” theory that imbalances in the levels of blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm are responsible for emotional disturbance.
Plato
emphasized the role of societal forces and psychological needs in the development and alleviation of mental disorders.
Aristotle
Aristotle emphasized the biological determinants of mental disorders.
Biopsychosocial Approach
a theoretical framework that takes into account biological, psychological, and social influences on health and illness.
St. Vincent de Paul
In the late 1500s, St. Vincent de Paul proposed that mental and physical illnesses were caused by natural forces and that the extreme manifestations of mental disturbances such as psychotic behaviour were not caused by witchcraft or satanic possession.
Philippe Pinel
Reformer Philippe Pinel, the director of a major asylum in Paris in the late 1700s, ordered that the chains be removed from all mental patients and that patients be treated humanely.
William Tuke
In England, William Tuke advocated for the development of hospitals based on modern ideas of appropriate care and established a country retreat in which patients lived and worked.
Benjamin Rush
In the United States, Benjamin Rush promoted the use of moral therapy with the mentally ill (a treatment philosophy that encouraged the use of compassion and patience rather than physical punishment or restraints).
Jean-Martin Charcot
Jean-Martin Charcot, in France, is credited with being the primary developer of clinical neurology. As his fame grew, so did his emphasis on the role of psychological factors in hysteria.
Notable members of this group include Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud, who initially embraced Charcot’s theories and his use of hypnosis, but later went on to develop their own theories to account for hysteria.
Wundt 1879
measurements of sensory processes
Kraeplin 1899
develops first diagnosis system
Binet and Simon 1905
Intelligence testing. Binet and Simon develop a test to assess intellectual abilities in school children.
Army Alpha and Army Beta 1917
Intelligence testing. Army Alpha and Army Beta tests are developed to assess select soldiers.