Chapter 1, The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Mental health commission of Canada

A

Provinces provide health services, however, federal initiatives as directed by Out of the Shadows at Last (2006) about the reports of the senate commission on mental health chaired by senator Michael Kirby, advised the establishment of the MHCC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The messages of the MHCC about people living with mental disorders

A
  • They have the right to receive the services and support they need.
  • They have the right to be treated with the same dignity and respect as those struggling to recover from any kind of illness.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The initiatives of the MHCC

A
  1. Opening Minds
  2. Mental Health First Aid
  3. Mental Health Strategy of Canada
  4. Knowledge Exchange Centre
  5. Housing First
  6. Peer Project
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

David J. A. Dazois

A

A professor of psychology and director of the Clinical Psychology Graduate Program at Western University. I am registered as a psychologist in the Province of Ontario and certified by the Academy of Cognitive Therapy (ACT) and the Canadian Association of Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies (CACBT).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

International psychological boards

A
  • American Psychological Association, Society of Clinical Psychology (APA)
  • British Psychological Society (BPS)
  • New Zealand Psychologists Board (NZPB)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology

A

a practice model that involves the synthesis of information drawn from research and systematically collected data on the patient in question, the clinician’s professional experience, and the patient’s preferences when considering healthcare options.

  1. requires the clinician to synthesize information drawn from research and systematically collected data on the patient in question, the clinician’s professional experience, and the patient’s preferences when considering health care options.
  2. emphasizes the importance of informing patients, based on the best available research evidence, about viable options for assessment, prevention, or intervention services.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Criticism of EBP

A
  1. group-based data cannot be used in working with an individual
  2. clients have problems now, and we cannot afford to wait for the research
  3. each individual’s unique constellation of life experience, culture, and societal context makes it unlikely that general psychological principles can ever provide much useful guidance in alleviating emotional distress or interpersonal conflict
  4. there is simply no research evidence on how to understand or treat many of the human problems confronted by clinical psychologists on a daily basis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Areas of psychology

A

cognitive, developmental, learning, personality, physiological, and social

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Counselling Psychology

A

Historically, the distinction between clinical and counselling psychology was in terms of the severity of problems treated. Traditionally, the focus of clinical psychology was on the assessment and treatment of psychopathology—that is, manifestations of anxiety, depression, and other symptoms that were of sufficient severity to warrant a clinical diagnosis. On the other hand, counselling psychologists provided services to individuals who were dealing with normal challenges in life: predictable developmental transitions, such as leaving home to work or to attend university or college, dealing with changes in work or interpersonal roles, and handling the stress associated with academic or work demands.

Counselling psychology is best for educational settings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

School Psychology

A

Historically, school psychology emphasized services related specifically to the learning of children and adolescents, including the assessment of intellectual functioning; the evaluation of learning difficulties; and consultation with teachers, students, and parents about strategies for optimizing students’ learning potential. Clinical child psychology focused on the treatment of a diagnosable mental disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Psychiatry

A

Psychiatric training deals extensively with physiological and biochemical systems and emphasizes biological functioning and abnormalities. Psychiatrists are well qualified to determine whether mental disorders are the result of medical problems and to unravel the possible interactions between physical illnesses and emotional disturbances.
They also utilize psychopharmacological treatments. Cognitive-behavioural and interpersonal therapies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examples of Psychiatrists

A

Aaron Beck was the primary developer of cognitive therapy for depression (and subsequently other disorders), Gerald Weissman was the primary developer of the interpersonal treatment of depression, and Isaac Marks has played a prominent role in the development of cognitive-behavioural treatments for anxiety disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Clinical social work

A

Social work practice includes activities such as policy development, program planning, program management, research consultation, case management, discharge planning, counselling, therapy, and advocacy. Social workers are employed in diverse settings, including hospitals, community mental health centres, mental health clinics, schools, advocacy organizations, government departments, social service agencies, child welfare settings, family service agencies, correctional facilities, social housing organizations, family courts, employee assistance programs, school boards, and private counselling and consultation agencies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Psychiatric Nurses

A

Offer services to individuals with needs related to mental and developmental health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Child and Youth Care Workers

A

Child and youth care workers and counsellors have the least training and are the least likely to be members of a regulated profession.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hippocrates

A

(often called the father of medicine) emphasized what is now known as a biopsychosocial approach to understanding both physical and psychological disorders (i.e., that biological, psychological, and social influences on health and illness must be considered). In abnormal psychology and personality textbooks, you will have learned about Hippocrates’ “bodily fluid” theory that imbalances in the levels of blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm are responsible for emotional disturbance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Plato

A

emphasized the role of societal forces and psychological needs in the development and alleviation of mental disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aristotle

A

Aristotle emphasized the biological determinants of mental disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

a theoretical framework that takes into account biological, psychological, and social influences on health and illness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

St. Vincent de Paul

A

In the late 1500s, St. Vincent de Paul proposed that mental and physical illnesses were caused by natural forces and that the extreme manifestations of mental disturbances such as psychotic behaviour were not caused by witchcraft or satanic possession.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Philippe Pinel

A

Reformer Philippe Pinel, the director of a major asylum in Paris in the late 1700s, ordered that the chains be removed from all mental patients and that patients be treated humanely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

William Tuke

A

In England, William Tuke advocated for the development of hospitals based on modern ideas of appropriate care and established a country retreat in which patients lived and worked.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Benjamin Rush

A

In the United States, Benjamin Rush promoted the use of moral therapy with the mentally ill (a treatment philosophy that encouraged the use of compassion and patience rather than physical punishment or restraints).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Jean-Martin Charcot

A

Jean-Martin Charcot, in France, is credited with being the primary developer of clinical neurology. As his fame grew, so did his emphasis on the role of psychological factors in hysteria.
Notable members of this group include Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud, who initially embraced Charcot’s theories and his use of hypnosis, but later went on to develop their own theories to account for hysteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Wundt 1879

A

measurements of sensory processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Kraeplin 1899

A

develops first diagnosis system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Binet and Simon 1905

A

Intelligence testing. Binet and Simon develop a test to assess intellectual abilities in school children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Army Alpha and Army Beta 1917

A

Intelligence testing. Army Alpha and Army Beta tests are developed to assess select soldiers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Rorschach 1920s

A

Projective testing of personality. Rorschach publishes a book on the interpretation of inkblots.

30
Q

Wechsler 1939

A

Intelligence testing. Wechsler develops the Wechsler-Bellevue test of adult intelligence

31
Q

Murray and Morgan 1940s

A

projective testing of personality. Thematic apperception test

32
Q

revised examination M 1940s

A

intelligence testing. Revised Examination M is used for selection and assignment in the military

33
Q

Hathaway 1943

A

Actuarial assessment of personality. Hathaway publishes Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

34
Q

APA 1952

A

APA publishes Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

35
Q

Meehl 1954

A

Challenge to clinical decision-making. Meehl distinguishes between statistical and clinical decision-making.

36
Q

Mischel 1968

A

Challenge to personality assessment. Mischel proposes an alternative behavioural approach to assessment.

37
Q

1968 APA 2nd edition

A

APA published 2nd editon of DSM

38
Q

Quay, Achenback and Conners 1970s

A

A dimensional approach to child problems. Quay, Achenbach, and Conners publish empirically based rating scales of child problems.

39
Q

APA 3RD EDITON 1980

A

DSM 3RD EDITION

40
Q

1990s behavioural assessment techniques

A

Increasing incorporation of behavioural assessment techniques into typical assessment practices.
Widespread use of computers for scoring and interpreting psychological test results.

41
Q

APA 4TH EDITION 1994

A

DMS 4TH EDITION

42
Q

2000s

A

Increased attention to the development of country-specific norms for commonly used measures of intelligence. Increased attention to principles of evidence-based assessment in the selection and use of assessment instruments.

43
Q

2010s awareness of systematic treatment

A

Increasing awareness that systematic treatment monitoring can dramatically enhance treatment outcomes.

44
Q

APA 5TH EDITION 2013

A

DSM 5TH EDITION

45
Q

International classification of diseases 2018

A

The scheduled release of International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision.

46
Q

James McKeen Cattell

A

The American James McKeen Cattell, who at one time worked with Wundt, focused scientific attention on the connection between reaction time and intelligence. He is credited with coining the term mental tests to describe the battery of tests and tasks he developed to evaluate people’s cognitive functioning.

47
Q

Francis Galton

A

In England, Francis Galton studied individual differences among people, especially differences in motor skills and reaction times, which he believed were related to differences in intelligence.

48
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

In Germany, Wilhelm Wundt, who studied sensation and perception, established the first psychology laboratory and was a central figure in advocating for psychology as the study of human experience.

49
Q

Emil Kraepelin

A

all mental disorders were due to biological factors. Accordingly, he devoted his career to the study and classification of mental disorders in the hope that his work would result in a scientifically based classification system that would have treatment implications. Consistent with scientific approaches of the time, a key component of Kraepelin’s approach to classification was to examine the way in which various symptoms covaried. Kraepelin assumed that by examining the symptomatic behaviour of a large number of patients, it would be possible to discern the kinds of disturbances of affect, thought, and behaviour that typically co-occurred. In Kraepelin’s view, this would provide insights into the nature of mental disorders. Kraepelin called these groups of symptoms that frequently co-occurred syndromes, and his classification system was built around identifying the ways in which these syndromes related to and differed from each other.

50
Q

Alfred Binet

A

Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon were invited to develop a strategy to measure mental skills that could yield information relevant to the identification of children with limited intelligence. By 1908, the two colleagues had developed the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence that consisted of more than 50 tests of mental skills that could be administered to children between the ages of 3 and 13 years. Binet and Simon gathered extensive data on a large number of children—that is, they established norms.

51
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Thus, by comparing the intelligence test score obtained by a particular child with norms for children of the same age, the child’s level of intelligence could be determined. In 1916, Lewis Terman published a modification of this scale for use in the United States, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, which was the first widely available, scientifically based test of human intelligence.

52
Q

Robert Yerkes

A

With the entry of the United States into the First World War, the American government needed procedures to quickly determine the fitness of many thousands of recruits to serve in the military. Physicians were employed to evaluate the physical fitness of the recruits for various military activities. In addition, it was necessary to find a way to evaluate mental fitness and mental abilities. Therefore, a committee of the recently established American Psychological Association (APA, established in 1892) was struck to develop a system for classifying the men in terms of their mental functioning. This committee was chaired by Robert Yerkes, APA president. Within a short time, the committee developed a measure of verbal mental abilities, called the Army Alpha test, which could be administered in a group format (thus minimizing the cost and time of administration). They also developed a test of non-verbal mental abilities, the Army Beta test, for assessing recruits who were unable to read or who had limited English language skills. This involvement of psychologists in a key American government initiative set the stage for psychologists to be recognized in North America for their expertise in test construction and the measurement of individual differences. A second legacy of this process was the establishment of the first standards for the development of scientifically sound psychological tests. A third legacy was that, as a result of the value placed on these testing-related skills, the discipline of clinical psychology was officially recognized within the APA by the creation of the Section on Clinical Psychology in 1919.

53
Q

The Army Alpha Test

A

a measure of verbal mental abilities, called the Army Alpha test, which could be administered in a group format (thus minimizing the cost and time of administration).

54
Q

The Army Beta Test

A

a test of non-verbal mental abilities, the Army Beta test, for assessing recruits who were unable to read or who had limited English language skills.

55
Q

Wechsler-Bellevue test 1939

A

David Wechsler, subsequently developed intelligence tests for the entire age range (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) and the most commonly used general measure of memory (Wechsler Memory Scale). Although other intelligence scales have since been developed for children and adults, the Wechsler scales are considered the gold standard in the assessment of intellectual abilities.

56
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921. Although the test received a decidedly cool reception among psychiatric and psychological circles in Europe, it received a new lease on life when German psychologist Bruno Klopfer, who emigrated to the United States in 1934, began instructing psychology students at Columbia University on the use of the inkblots. The Rorschach Inkblot Test was also used in assessing children.

57
Q

House-Tree-Person Test

A

Another projective technique that was considered suitable for both adults and children was the House-Tree-Person Test that involved interpretation of the psychological meaning of qualities of a person’s drawing.

58
Q

Thematic Apperception (TAT)

A

American psychologists Henry Murray and Christina Morgan, working at the Harvard Psychological Clinic, published the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), which comprised 20 pictures. Strongly opposed to the growing tendency to study psychological phenomena with experimental methods, Murray distanced himself from the mainstream of academic psychology, but he was greatly influenced in his thinking by the psychoanalytic writings of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung.

59
Q

Revised Examination M

A

In Canada, the Test Construction Committee of the Canadian Psychological Association was responsible for the development of the Revised Examination M that consisted of both verbal and non-verbal ability tests used in the selection and assignment of military personnel.

60
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 1940s

A

by psychologist Starke Hathaway in 1943. The MMPI was, for many years to come, the epitome of the criterion-oriented approach to psychological test construction. The goal of the MMPI was to provide an easily administered test that could effectively screen for psychological disturbances among adults. To this end, Hathaway generated hundreds of test items that were administered to psychiatric patients. Items that were strongly associated with specific diagnoses were retained and then combined to make scales within the test. The ability of these scales to distinguish between people with and without psychiatric diagnoses was examined, and modifications to the scales were made based on these data. Evidence for the final scales’ reliability and validity was gathered, and normative data (although rather poor) were obtained. Thus, in contrast to the projective tests, the development and interpretation of MMPI relied extensively on attention to statistical procedures and test development criteria.

61
Q

Paul Meehl

A

in the 1950s and 1960s. Paul Meehl’s 1954 review of the relative strengths of clinically and statistically based assessment highlighted a number of problems that plagued the assessment enterprise in clinical psychology. found that a purely clinical approach to assessment was typically inferior to a more statistically oriented approach to accurately describing or diagnosing adults. By clinical, Meehl referred to the typical collection of interview and other information that was then used, sometimes with standardized test data, to generate descriptions and predictions of behaviour. The statistical approach, in contrast, involved the use of basic demographic information (such as age, gender, and health information) and data from standardized tests that were entered into statistical equations to yield descriptions and/or predictions.

62
Q

Walter Mischel 1968

A

Mischel’s work illustrated that these personality traits had more to do with how a person was viewed by others than with what a person actually did. Moreover, research on the predictive validity of personality traits typically yielded results of only moderate strength—in other words, knowing someone’s personality traits provided very little useful information if you wished to know what someone would actually feel, think, or do in a particular situation. Much more accurate predictions of psychological experience could be obtained by considering both the person’s past experiences in similar situations and the environmental influences on the person’s behaviour in the situation

63
Q

For most assessment purposes, it is generally accepted that assessment data should be obtained from

A

(a) multiple methods, such as interviews, observations, and self-reports; and, increasingly, (b) multiple informants (i.e., not just from the client).

64
Q

clinical utility

A

does having assessment data on a patient actually provide information that leads to a clinical outcome that is better (or faster or less expensive) than would be the case if the psychologist did not have the assessment data?

65
Q

service evaluation

A

ut bluntly, individual clinical psychologists are under increasing pressure to demonstrate that their services work. This has resulted in renewed attention to the role of clinical assessment in documenting progress and outcome in treatment. However, this need to demonstrate treatment effectiveness leads to a different type of clinical assessment than has often been used in the past. Whereas many clinical psychology measures were developed to give a broadly based psychological picture of the whole person, current assessment practices require that measures focus on specific problems (or strengths), be brief, and be amenable to repeated use. The measurement tools that are useful for generating an individual’s psychological profile are not necessarily the ones that are relevant to the repeated assessment of someone receiving treatment.

66
Q

Lighter Witmer

A

The first credited with the use of the term clinical psychology
learning and memory

67
Q

John Watson

A

demonstrated that it was possible to use conditioning principles to explain the development of phobias.

68
Q

Carl Rogers

A

the book Counselling and Psychotherapy 1942an assumption that people were inherently capable of developing in a positive, healthy manner. The primary goal of therapy, therefore, was to provide a supportive environment in which clients could reconnect with their emotions, their losses, and their aspirations and thereby discover their true potential for growth. Rogers’ work was crucial in the development of humanistic approaches to the understanding and treatment of human problems, an approach that has been termed the third force in psychotherapy (with psychodynamic and behavioural approaches being the first two)

69
Q

The 3 forces of psychotherapy

A
  1. psychodynamic
  2. behavioural
  3. humanistic
    approaches
70
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Hans Eysenck’s (1952) critique of the effectiveness of psychotherapy was a turning point for psychotherapy research and training. Eysenck argued that the rates of improvement among clients receiving either psychodynamic or eclectic (i.e., an unspecified mix of theories and techniques) therapy were comparable to rates of remission of symptoms among clients receiving no therapy at all. He contended, therefore, that there was no evidence that the most commonly used forms of psychotherapy had any demonstrable effect