Chapter 1: The Early Years of Microbiology

Question 1

Who is Antoni van Leeuwenhoek?

Answer 1

-credited for finding the first bacteria
-not a scientist, a dutch tailor
-created the first microscope (looking for thread count)

Question 2

Who is Aristotle?

Answer 2

-proposed spontaneous generation as opposed to biogenesis

Question 3

Who is Ehrlich?

Answer 3

-magic bullets
-field of chemotherapy

Question 4

Who is Jenner?

Answer 4

-vaccines
-immunology

Question 5

Who is Koch?

Answer 5

-studied causitive agents of disease
-studied anthrax
-developed postulates to demonstrate the etiologic agents of disease

Question 6

Who is Linnaeus?

Answer 6

-1700s
-developed taxonomic system for grouping similar organisms together

Question 7

Who is Lister?

Answer 7

-antiseptic technique with phenol

Question 8

Who is Needham?

Answer 8

-hypothesized that microbes arise spontaneously, not animals
-boiled nutrient broth then sealed the flasks (with corks)
-generated cloudy broth with microorganisms
-proved spontaneous generation

Question 9

Who is Nightingale?

Answer 9

-Nursing and cleaning

Question 10

Who is Pasteur?

Answer 10

-boiled broth similar to Spazallani
-bent the neck of the flask (swan-neck flask), oxygen could get in
-confirms biogenesis for microbes

-Also, developed pasteurization
-Process of heating up liquids just enough to kill most bacteria

-1857, proposes Germ Theory of Disease (did not actually develop)

Question 11

Who is Redi?

Answer 11

-1670s
-worked with flies and fly larvae(macoorganisms)
-Meat in 3 jars (one with gauze, one uncovered, one sealed)
-proved biogenesis because flies were only in the uncovered
-no oxygen in sealed one so not counted, then added gauze

Question 12

Who is Semmelweis?

Answer 12

-handwashing

Question 13

Who is Snow?

Answer 13

-Mapped cholera
-traced it back to a water pump that was getting people sick
- worked with a Priest
-infection control
-epidemiology

Question 14

Who is Spallanzani?

Answer 14

-boiled nutrient broth in flasks and melted there necks closed (however, no oxygen)
-no mircoorganisms present
-proved biogenesis

Question 15

Who is Woese?

Answer 15

-1977s
-distinguished archaea were more similar to eukaryotes

Question 16

What is a Microbiome?

Answer 16

the microbes that live with you (inside and out)

Question 17

What are Animalcules or Beasties?

Answer 17

-found in water
-tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single-celled protozoa

Question 18

What are Microorganisms/Microbes?

Answer 18

organisms that are too small to be seen without magnification- not all are harmful (the majority aren’t)

Question 19

What is Microbiology?

Answer 19

specialized area of biology that studies microorganisms- including viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes

Question 20

Divisions of Microbiology

Answer 20

A. Bacteriology
B. Virology
C. Phycology
D. Mycology
E. Protozoology

Question 21

Bacteriology

Answer 21

dealing with bacteria and archaea

Question 22

Virology

Answer 22

dealing with viruses

Question 23

Phycology

Answer 23

dealing with algae

Question 24

Mycology

Answer 24

dealing with fungi

Question 25

Protozoology

Answer 25

dealing with protozoa

Question 26

What is Symbiosis?

Answer 26

-means to live together
-We have many symbiotic relationships with microbes

Question 27

What are the 4 types of symbiosis?

Answer 27

1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Amensalism
4. Parasitism

Question 28

Mutualism

Answer 28

both symbionts benefit

Question 29

Commensalism

Answer 29

one member benefits while the other is unaffected

Question 30

Amensalism

Answer 30

one member is harmed while the other is unaffected

Question 31

Parasitism

Answer 31

a parasite benefits while the host is harmed (parasites that cause disease are called pathogens)

Question 32

Pathogen

Answer 32

-any parasite that causes disease
-and organism that harms another

Question 33

What is Normal Microbiota?

Answer 33

live in and on various parts of the body- without causing disease (most commensal)

Question 34

What does Axenic mean?

Answer 34

means without microbes- such as the womb

Question 35

What is Resident Microbiota?

Answer 35

part of the normal microbiota throughout life (mostly commensal)

Question 36

What is Transient Microbiota?

Answer 36

remain in the body for a short period of time

Question 37

Why would someone get a yeast infection following antibiotic treatment?

Answer 37

The antibiotics kill the whole microbiome, changing the number of microbes, causing less competition which causes bacteria to become pathogens

Question 38

What are Opportunistic Pathogens?

Answer 38

normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances

Question 39

Opportunities that cause Pathogens

Answer 39

1. Host’s immune system weakens
2. Change in location
3. Change in number of microbes (microbial antagonism)
4. Stress and other hormones

Question 40

Who is affected by C. difficile?

Answer 40

Older people are affected by C. difficile

Question 41

What are the complications that C. difficile causes?

Answer 41

-an infection that causes diarrhea, dehydration, the person does not have enough bacteria

Question 42

What are FMTs?

Answer 42

Fecal Microbiota Transplant, takes stool from a healthy person and administers it as an enema or in pill form to a patient with gastrointestinal issues like C. difficile